Contract Law Legally Enforceable

Question: Discuss about the case study Contract Law for Legally Enforceable. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is if the promise made by Jane to give her car to Jack is legally enforceable in view of the fact that consideration is not present to support the promise made by Jane. In this way, the present issue deals with the role of consideration under the contract law. The contract law as prescribed that offer, acceptance and consideration are the essential elements that should be present in case of a legally enforceable contract. According to the contract law, a contract is considered as valid and enforceable by the law only if the above mentioned elements are present (Atiyah, 1990). According to the law, each party should provide consideration for the promise that has been received by it under the contract. In the same way, the law provides that past consideration is not a valid consideration (Re McArdle, 1951). Therefore, consideration can be described as anything of value. Due to this reason, it is required that consideration should be something real and illusionary consideration is not valid (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). In this case, Jane had promised to give his car to Jack at the offer was accepted by Jack. But in return, Jack has not made a promise to pay any price for the car or in other words there is no consideration. But in this regard, according to the law of contract, a contract can be legally enforced only if consideration is present to support such a promise. In the present case, Jack has not given any consideration in return of the promise made by Jane to give his Lotus super sports car. Therefore it can be said that Jack does not have an enforceable agreement in this case. The issue in this question is if the elements of a valid contract are present when Jack accepted the offer to purchase the Lotus super sports car from Jane at a price of $25,000. As mentioned above, there are certain elements that should be present in an agreement to make it to legally enforceable contract. These elements include offer, acceptance and consideration. Apart from it, it is also require that the party should have the intention of entering into a legal relationship and in the same way, they should also have the capacity to create a valid contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Therefore when an offer made by one party to the contract is accepted by the other party, in return of a valid consideration, it is said that a legal contract has been created between the parties (White v Bluett, 1853). In the present case, Jane had made an offer to sell his Lotus super sports car for $25,000 to Jack. The market value of the card is also around $25,000. Therefore this offer is accepted by Jack and he agrees to pay $25,000 for the car to Jane. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the essential elements that are necessary for creating legally enforceable contract are present in this case and as a result, Jack has legally enforceable contract. In this case, Jack can enforce the contract against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the adequacy of consideration. Jane had made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a price of $2500 while in reality; the market price of the car was around $25,000. The offer was accepted by Jack and as a result, an issue arises in this contract is enforceable by Jack. The relevant rule of law related with the adequacy of consideration provides that the validity of contract does not depend on the adequacy of consideration. The only requirement is that considered it should be something of value in the eyes of law (Beale, (ed) 2002). According to the law contract, it is not necessary that the benefit that has been conferred on the other party or the detriment suffered by the promisee in return of the promised should be equal to their responsibility that has been assumed by the promisor. In other words, it can be said that it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate. As a result, any real consideration, also a small it may be, is sufficient for supporting a promise made by the other party. In Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1959), the court reiterated the doctrine of the contract law according to which the consideration is required to be sufficient but it is not necessary that it should also be adequate. In the present case, Jane had offered to sell the car at $2500 while in reality the market price of the car was around $25,000. But by applying the principle that the consideration should be sufficient and it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate, it can be said that when the offer made by Jane was accepted by Jack, and the enforceable contract has been created between the parties. Therefore in this case, Jack can enforce this promise against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the impossibility of the promise made by the fires according to which they had agreed to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilders in case the shipbuilders completed the tanker on time. It was particularly important for the buyer that the bank that should be completed on time as they already had a charter for the tanker. According to the traditional position under the contract law, it has been provided that a promise can be considered as enforceable only if he has been supported by consideration (Atiyah, 2000). This is particularly the case in Stilk v Myrick (1809) where the ship's Master had made a promise to the crew that the wages of the two deserters will be distributed among the rest of the members of the crew who had remained on the ship. However when the crew tried to enforce this promise, it was stated by the court that this promise was not enforceable due to the reason that any consideration has not been provided by the members of the group for the promise made by the captain. The court stated that the members of the crew were already under a contract complete the voyage. Similarly the position adopted by the court in this case also appears to have been applied in the case is related with partial payment in the full satisfaction of the debt. By example in Pinnel's case (1602), the defendant had not provided any consideration return of the promise made by the plaintiff not to sue on the partial payment accepted by it. However, the situation was significantly changed by the decision given Williams v Roffey (1990). In this case, Roffey had entered into a contract with Williams for doing some carpentry work. The parties agreed that the price will be 20,000 for the carpentry work. However, after some time, Williams found themselves in financial difficulties. On the other hand, Roffey were concerned that if the work was not completed on time, they may be held liable under the penalty clause that was present in the main building contract with a third-party. Therefore, they made a promise to pay an extra amount to Williams for every flat that was completed on time. But later on, Roffey decided against paying this extra amount. The plaintiff sued them for the extra money promised by them. It was argued by the defendant that Williams had only done what they were already bound to do under the contract by completing the work on time. However the decision of the court in this case was that the defendant, Roff ey was found by the promise to pay extra money on the completion of the work on time. The court further stated that they require consideration has been provided by Williams in this case As Roffey had achieved a practical benefit in the form of avoiding the penalty and also by avoiding the need for finding a new sub-contractor. In this way, it was stated by the court that the promise for paying the extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable and as a result, the amount can be legally recovered by the other party. Under these circumstances, a rule of the contract law has been developed according to which the promise of paying extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable if the party that had made the promise of paying the extra amount was going to attain any advantage or avoid any laws as a result of the completion of the work on time. In the same way, in such a case it is also required that the promise for paying the extra money should not be the result of any economic duress or fraud and therefore in such a case, the benefit that the party making the promise is going to receive as a result of the word being completed on time could act as a good consideration for this promise. When the above-mentioned rules of contract law are applied to the facts of this case, it can be said that in this case also the buyer has made a promise according to which they were going to pay extra amount to the shipbuilder so that the work of making the tanker can be completed on time as the shipbuilder was set to suffer the loss as a result of the devaluation of the US currency by the government. Under these circumstances, the shipbuilder asked for the payment of extra US $3 million otherwise they will stop the work. Under these circumstances, the buyer reluctantly agreed to pay the extra amount. The reason was that the buyer already had the charter for the tanker and therefore it was very important that the tanker was delivered on time. On these grounds, in the present case, it can be said that the promise made by the buyer to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilder was legally enforceable if such promise was not made as a result of the economic duress on part of the shipbuilder. As in this case, the buyer was going to achieve an end wanted by the completion of the ship on time, it can be said that the promise of paying the extra amount was legally enforceable. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beale, H., (ed) 2002 Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law (Hart Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Chappell v Nestle [1960] AC 87 Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Re Wragg Ltd [1897] 1 Ch 796 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2 QB 85 White v Bluett (1853) 2 WR 75 Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER 512

The impact of Leadership

Question: Write an essay on The impact of leadership. Answer: Introduction The impact of leadership for running an organization successfully is the primary concern of this particular study. An ideal leader is the primary spine of an organization that has to lead a team successfully for providing effective services to the customers. A company can face a disastrous consequence due to the inefficiency of a leader within an organization. This particular study has provided a detailed case scenario about Enron. Established in the year 1986, Enron had expanded their widespread wings as a natural gas pipeline company. In the third quarter of 2001, the CEO of this company, Jeff Skilling had to face a disastrous consequence as Enron had been tagged as a failed business. Therefore, this specific study has primarily focused how leadership plays a major role in order to build the organizational culture as well as behavior. In addition, this study has also focused to highlight why the leaders of an organization like Enron should maintain ethical practices and appropriate leadership theories to lead the organizational team. In the middle of 2001, Enron had to face immense challenges to maintain appropriate leadership style at the workplace. As a result, the shareholders of Enron showed their reluctance to use the service of this company. In the mean time, Jeff Skilling resigned from the post of chief executive officer due to the personal reason (Avolio Yammarino 2013). After the departure of Skilling, the scenario has been changed to some extent. Ken Lay had been appointed for the post of CEO. As per his point of view, the companys share plays a major role for rendering the success of a business. In order to enhance the share of the company, the leaders of this organization should maintain some necessary ethical codes and practices. In this regard, the implementation of appropriate leadership style and theory is highly important. This particular case study has not provided detailed information what leadership theory this specific organization likes to follow (Carter, Ulrich Goldsmith, 2012). However, as per the opinion of newly appointed CEO Ken Lay, the organization should follow some of the important leadership theories such as motivational theory, behavioral theory, trait theory and so many. Motivational theory believes that leaders are responsible for motivating the employees to provide best services to the customers. Employees should get the scope to express their views regarding any particular business. For the achievement of the business organization, the employee should get rewards that can motivate them to put more effort for the success of a business. In this case study, it has been observed that Jeff Skilling did not intend to maintain motivational theory the workplace. The relation in between the employers and the stakeholders were very professional and straightforward. The behavioral approach of a leader inside the organization should be positive so that employees do not have to hesitate to share any problem regarding the job profile. As per Enron case study, it has been observed that integrity, respect and the communication are the major pathways to build a good co-ordination with the stakeholders (Chhokar, Brodbeck House 2013). As per the behavioral theory, people of various culture and attitude should get respect and dignity at the workplace. Employees deserve every right to protest against any disrespectful treatment towards them. Communication would be effective only when the leaders would like to show their participative outlook to the workers. Their co-operation and their helpful attitude towards the workers would definitely bring the success of a company. In case of Enron, it has been observed that Skilling intended to transfer the energy to California for creating blackouts. As a result, the price of electricity had been increased gradually. Employees had to face innumerable difficulties to face the regional stakeholder. Skilling as a CEO stated in this occasion that his responsibility as a chief officer is to increase the entire process of business. Therefore, by keeping the stock price up, the company would be able to plan about more profit making (Cummings Worley 2014). However, it is undeniable that Skilling has not properly justified the code of ethics and leadership theory in this case. The success of a business is highly dependent on the performance of an employee. Therefore, the transformation of energy to California at higher price has not been accepted by most of the existing employees of Enron. Consequently, a long communication gap took place in between the CEO and the employees. After the entrance of Ken Lay, the scenario of Enron has changed to some extent. Maintaining integrity, effective communication, positive behavior at the workplace had been given priority. However, Dimmock (2013) stated that the implementation of leadership theory within an organization is undeniable. Organizational culture and behavior is the way how people like to interact and communicate in between each other inside the organization regarding the business goal. This particular part has focused to discuss on the different ways how leadership can influence culture. When Ken Lay and his company had to face immense struggle to keep the reputation of the organization, many of their contemporary traders intended to laugh at them. Therefore, this particular time was the toughest part of leadership for Ken Lay (Johnston, 2012). Amidst the gossips and rumors thrown by the contemporaries, Ken Lay had to fight there by surviving in the business industry. However, it is undeniable that organizational culture and ethics is highly dependent on the leadership style. The ways that leadership plays a big role for influencing the organizational culture are as follows: Providing rewards and enforcements: Employees need to get motivation and support at every step for their service process. Reward, appraisal and the enforcement are the major ways for appreciating the performance of employees. If a team within an organization succeeds to reach the business target, the leaders should take the responsibility to reward the team so that they get enthusiasm to put more effort and labor for achieving the business success. In case of Enron, employees used to get bonus and incentive after reaching the business success. At the time of Skilling, this particular policy had not been implemented. Ken Lay had decided to implement the rule from rescuing the team from being demolished (Jonason, Slomski Partyka 2012). It had been observed in Enron that the new employees had replaced lowest performers. This de-motivational factor also hampers highly in performance of employees. Leaders should always rectify the mistakes of underperformers. Replacement can never be the best option to render success in a business. The leaders of Enron should definitely take care of this fact. Using participative leadership at the workplace Participative leadership implies that both the employers and the employees within an organization should have equal participation to achieve the success of a business. By following participative leadership style, leaders do not intend to impose their decision on the employees. Employees get the opportunity to expose their views regarding the betterment of business process. As a result, the employees get motivated to maintain the organizational culture and values (Moore et al. 2012). In case of Enron, it has been observed that the board of director liked to follow autocratic leadership style instead of participative. Consequently, employees felt least interest to maintain the organizational culture, ethics and values. Personality of the leaders and their way of interacting with the employees Organizational culture is highly influenced on the personality of a leader inside the organization. After appointing in the post of CEO Ken Lay had shown a strong personality to maintain the organizational culture and discipline. After the resignation of Skilling, Lay had strongly emphasized on the integrity, communication and respect (Pendse, 2012). As per his point of view, integrity inside the organization can be maintained only when people would like to show their respect towards each other. The personality of Lay truly drew the attention of Enron employees based on which they intended to maintain organizational discipline. Communication process: Leaders should always maintain an effective communication with the employees. By maintaining a strong communication, leaders can come to know various problems regarding the job. Besides, effective communication helps the organization to take collective decision at the right time (Piff et al. 2012). In an occasion, Lay had stated that communication is one of the major ways to maintain organizational culture. Unfortunately, as per the actual scenario, it has been observed that the interpersonal communication among the members of Enron was not very strong. Unethical behavior ultimately causes a disastrous consequence within the business organization. Leaders therefore, have to play a major role in order to avoid such kind of unethical practices inside at the workplace (Von Krogh, Nonaka Rechsteiner 2012). Enron is not exceptional to that. This particular organization should also follow some of the major ways to avoid unethical behavior within the organization. These are as follows: Maintaining regulations at the workplace: Business organizations should follow some of the major acts and regulations at the workplace. The regulations and acts that should be followed at the workplace include data protection act, right to information act, health and safety act and so on. Both the employers and the employees have the equal right to utilize these regulations and act. If employers intend to treat the employees recklessly, this individual employee can take an immediate legal step against the employer (Robbins et al. 2013). As a result, this particular employer would like to think twice before conducting any misbehavior. Therefore, it is undeniable that regulations and acts are highly able to prevent unethical behavior at the workplace. Appreciating the performance of the employees In case of maximum business organization, it has been observed that the managers do not intend to appreciate the efforts and labor of the employees. As a result, employees tend to show their reluctance to provide good service to the customers. Due to the lack of appreciation, employees intend to perform reluctantly. They like to show objectionable gesture towards the seniors. Ultimately, it affects to maintain a systematic environment inside the organization. Enron under the leadership of Skilling had faced this kind of situation repeatedly. Providing training and guidance how to maintain ethics and values within an organization: In order to maintain organizational ethics and culture inside the workplace, employees should get an effective training and guidance how to maintain organizational culture. Training helps to enhance the skill and competency of an employee (Robbins et al. 2013). It gathers experience as well. With the help of an effective training process, employees would be able to know about the value and importance of maintaining organizational culture. The employees of Enron did not receive any training regarding this particular matter (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik 2013). As a result, employees do not understand properly about the importance of culture and value. This is one of the biggest reasons for such a disastrous consequence of Enron. Creating a code of conduct: Code of conduct is nothing but a set of rules that helps to outline some of the major roles of responsibility. While working within an organization, both the employers and the employees have to maintain the code of conduct in order to maintain an organizational culture and behavior (Schaubroeck et al. 2012). Based on this particular practice, the junior employees have to show a decent gesture and attitude towards the senior. The gesture of the juniors is highly dependent on the leaders of an organization. If the leaders fail to maintain their personality at the workplace, employees tend to show their reluctance to maintain code of conductAs per the above discussion, it can be stated that the study has primarily focused to discuss on the various impacts of leadership for the success of a business organization like Enron. The role of leaders for reducing unethical behavior has also been pointed out here (Senge 2014). Therefore, it can be recommended that showing equal respect and digni ty to the people of various culture and background, maintaining strong interpersonal communication among every employee, developing the understanding of people can definitely reduce the overall unethical practice and behavior inside the organization. Conclusion: This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the effectiveness of leadership for controlling the business process. As per the case study of Enron it has been observed how an organization has to face a disastrous consequence due to the incompetency of a leader. The personality, skill and competency of an ideal leader help to build the image of an organization. Therefore, this particular study has focused to highlight how a leadership quality helps to influence the organizational culture and behavior. Reference List: Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Carter, L., Ulrich, D., Goldsmith, M. (Eds.). (2012).Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Cummings, T., Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dimmock, C. (2013).School-based management and school effectiveness. Routledge. Johnston, P. B. (2012). Does decapitation work? Assessing the effectiveness of leadership targeting in counterinsurgency campaigns.International Security,36(4), 47-79. Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way.Personality and Individual Differences,52(3), 449-453. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V. L., Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), 1-48. Pendse, S. G. (2012). Ethical hazards: A motive, means, and opportunity approach to curbing corporate unethical behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), 265-279. Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Ct, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(11), 4086-4091. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I., Massarik, F. (2013).Leadership and organization. Routledge. Von Krogh, G., Nonaka, I., Rechsteiner, L. (2012). Leadership in organizational knowledge creation: a review and framework.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 240-277.

Sample Essay on Whats My Story - How to Write an Essay and Copy it to Help Your Career

Sample Essay on What's My Story - How to Write an Essay and Copy it to Help Your CareerSample Essay on What's My Story is a resource that may come in handy for you. The sample essay is very simple and easy to follow. Even a child can write an essay in short amounts of time. This is very beneficial especially for those who have tried their hand at writing an essay but could not make any headway in the field of essays.The concept of such lengthy essays may seem scary for some people but with just a little help from a sample, they will be able to understand how long such essays can be. There are so many reasons for which they require such help. Here are some reasons why you need a sample:- When you are doing a short form essay, a sample can come in handy for knowing the proper format of such a composition. Just copy and paste the sample into your website to know how the passage should look like. This will save you from embarrassing in front of your friends who love to read such essays.- This is a way of saving some money as well. You can do a little research by visiting some websites where they provide free sample essays. Just make sure that the samples are done by students who are relatively fresh in this field. But some sites might offer these samples for free, just make sure that you know about it before paying.- After getting the proper help, you can revise your original essay and polish it for submission. The sample essay will guide you for perfecting your writing so that it becomes a masterpiece. Remember that these samples are useful in helping you immensely so that you can impress the judges.- Such essays can act as help in figuring out the academic credits you get if you submit them for the award. Also, they are used for teaching purpose.These are some of the reasons why you should use these samples for writing of such essays. Just ensure that the samples are done by persons who are relatively new in this field.

Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools Essay Example

Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools Essay There is a misconception among the general populace that the misuse of drugs only exists among young people aged 16-25. It is believed that primary school children are too young to have been exposed to the world of controlled substances and their misuse. As a result of this, parents may be unaware that their actions can affect the actions of their children in future. Many children of primary school age are greatly influenced by the substances surrounding them every day. Perhaps a family member has a medical problem, someone is addicted to their medication, to other thrill-seeking substances or they smoke or drink. Even legal substance use can arguably influence a young child and other children they come into contact with. Sir Liam Donaldson claims in his report on alcohol consumption by children (2009, p.23) that, Parental use of alcohol increases the likelihood that children will also consume alcohol. If a child is likely to start drinking and/or smoking at an earlier stage because their environment exposes more of that legal substance, it is a logical assumption that the same is true for illegal substances. It is common knowledge that a pregnant mother who smokes, drinks alcohol or takes drugs creates a high likelihood that the unborn child will be born addicted to those substances. Although young children are no longer biologically linked to their mother in the same way, the same likelihood of addiction and experimentation is surely generated through nurture. Issues Despite misconceptions that all children of primary school age are too young to get involved in substance misuse, statistics indicate that Primary school children as young as nine are part of more than 50,000 children picked up by police for possessing illegal substances every year. (HANNAM, 2006). In another report on the knowledge and use of drugs and alcohol in primary school children by Queens University Belfast: The researchers found that 31% of the children had been exposed to illegal drugs while 9% had actually been offered them. Cannabis was the most commonly used illegal drug and while around 6.5% of the sample had tried it, others thought it was legal and not harmful. (MCCRYSTAL, 2004) We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This evidence clearly shows that young children do get involved with drugs and other substances. It also indicates that there is a significant lack of knowledge and understanding when it comes to substances that young children are more likely than anticipated to come into contact with. Evidently, drug education in primary schools does not achieve all it was intended for. This issue is increased by the lack of knowledge and the attitude of adults towards substance abuse within a childs environment. An evaluation on parents knowledge of their childs drug use carried out by Hermida et al (2003) found that parents with children who consume drugs tend to strongly underestimate their childrens use. Parents are therefore unaware of the need to be mindful of the possibility of their childrens experimentation with drugs. Information from Great Olmond Street Hospital (2009) also states by age 11, a third of children will have experimented with smoking. These facts reveal the need for awareness among adults and greater efforts to prevent such statistics. A further issue on drug misuse among primary school aged children is arguably the accessibility. According to TACADE / Health Education Council, (1986, Unit 1, Sheet 1), substances are available freely within the home, school and general environment. Statistics of alcohol consumption, for example, which in the report by McCrystal (2004, p.15) said that over 25% of primary school boys and over 15% of girls had drunk more than a sip of alcohol in the last 7 days, there is an ease with which children can access alcohol. Misuse of alcohol can also lead to other substance misuse such as cannabis, the most common and most accessible for young people under 18; Alcohol use in childhood and adolescence is associated with cannabis use. (DONALDSON, 2009, p.70). Alcohol is often obtained by younger children from older friends, siblings and even parents, whether this is just a sip or full access to a drinks cabinet. Children may not be so keen on larger and beer, however the cheap and sweet taste of alcopops are easy to like because children cannot taste the alcohol inside. Cigarettes are also easily accessible by young people. McCrystals report (2004, p.15) also covered tobacco use between 9-11 year olds stating that 1% were current smokers while up to 12% of them said they had tried smoking at some time. Perhaps the education for the prevention of substance misuse does not put enough emphasis on the illegality of the use of alcohol and tobacco by people under 18 years of age. Perhaps there is not enough emphasis on the danger these substances can cause to the young, developing body. Also an influence on childrens substance misuse is a childs home environment. Research has shown that children who come from broken homes and Looked After Children are more likely to be exposed to substance misuse than are other young people (NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES, 2002). Easy access to drugs, alcohol and tobacco increases the likelihood of children starting to misuse the substances earlier in life. Finally, an important issue of drug misuse by primary school children is the effect it has on their own and other childrens futures. Children influenced by family and friends misuse of substances and misusing substances themselves experience repercussions on their own education and their future relationships: Initiation of drinking prior to age 14 has been shown to be associated with a number of risk factors including having experienced alcohol-related injuries, involvement in violent behaviours and suicide ideation and attempts. Early onset of drinking is also associated with having more sexual partners and pregnancy, other substance abuse, employment problems and risky driving behaviours. (DONALDSON, 2009, p.57) Childrens futures (short and the long term) are greatly affected if they get involved or are exposed to substances. Children involved in drinking and drug abuse are more likely to develop health problems earlier in life (as it does with all ages) but it could increase susceptibility to conditions such as depression, which, in turn, can lead to further substance abuse. Children who smoke are also likely to develop health problems at an earlier age but are also arguably in a position to be encouraged to skip school and become addicted to more dangerous substances such as cannabis. Missing out on education at an early age could have more serious consequences than later in life as primary school children are at a critical point in their education and may fall too far behind to catch up to their peers. Personal View My personal view identifies awareness as the key to preventing and dealing with such issues. The National Curriculum aims to provide enough information on the potential risks of legal and illegal substance use for children to be able to make positive health choices. In Key Stage 2, children learn to take increasing responsibility for keeping the mind and body safe and healthy and to understand the harmful effects, both to themselves and others, of tobacco, alcohol and other legal and illegal substances. (DFES, 2008, p.18). However, I think that these objectives are too vague and do not give enough knowledge and understanding about drugs and medicines. Children do not seem to be aware of the damage they are risking to themselves and others and appear to underestimate the repercussions the misuse of substances may cause. Schools have a key role to play in ensuring that young people understand the risks involved and have the confidence, knowledge and skills to avoid them (MANN, 2004, p. 2) My opinion is that awareness is vitally important in educating parents and teachers. The adults within a childs life need to be able to recognise signs and take appropriate action to discourage and to help children who might or are experimenting with substances. By educating adults as well as children, the responsibility can be shared. Adults need to be aware of their own actions and the consequences that may include the influence on a child. Teachers also play an important part in influencing and educating children. If teachers can approach the subject of drugs from a health context in a sensitive and thorough manner, then the school can make a positive contribution. (TACADE / HEALTH EDUCATION COUNCIL, 1986, Unit 3, Sheet 1). It is an increase in awareness that is likely to increase difficulty for children to access tobacco, alcohol and drugs. However, there is a limit to the legislation that can be put into place without violating the rights of those that are legally authorized to access a substance. It is almost impossible therefore, to stop those who have prescriptions for medication and who are of a legal age to purchase alcohol and tobacco from passing them on to children. Drug Education is often based around the shock horror principle which is effective, but only for a short time. The theory being that seeing the films and photographs of the consequences will discourage all curiosity to experiment. However, Emmeett and Nice (2008, p.12) argue that children are interested by the approach and that in some cases this fascination may even have led directly to experimentation. Therefore education needs to be carefully and frequently reviewed as to whether the intended results are what have been achieved along with childrens future intentions and attitudes. Conclusion * Children today are getting involved in the misuse of substances from an increasingly younger age. * Statistics show how adults can be very mistaken about the experiences of primary school aged children. The common misconception that younger children do not come into contact with substances leads to the lack of attention paid to the situation which could escalate it. * Education is given on substance use and the risks it involves, however, drug education in the primary school needs to be developed and increased. Further education needs to be more available to parents and teachers for supporting their child and ensuring their well-being as far as possible. * While some substances are very accessible, greater awareness in communities could serve to restrict young children from acquiring them so easily. * The less children that are influenced by and exposed to frequent substance use or misuse and instead correctly and sensitively educated, the more children will reach their teenage years with the knowledge, skills and understanding to face the decisions they are certain to encounter.

A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Essays

A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Essays A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Paper A hero of tragedy must evoke the audiences with a sense of pity and fear Paper Othello fulfils the criteria of a domestic tragedy as it focus on the marital relationship between Othello and his wife, Desdemona. Shakespeare follows patterns of Aristotle’s theory of tragedy which enables him to elicit â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear†. For example the tragic hero is a man of noble rank, he reaches pinnacle of happiness and worldly success. In Act II, with his position as commander of Cyprus and reunion with his wife Desdemona: Othello proclaims to Desdemona and those gathered in Cyprus: â€Å"If I were to die to die, ‘Twere now to be most happy; ( Act II.i.181-182) His hyperbolic speech conveys Othello’s happiness, as it is at its peak at this point in the play. His tragic flaw however, leads to reversal of fortune (peripeteia). Othello’s tragic flaw is manifested as his gullibility, by his â€Å"free and open nature†, that Iago exploits to bring about Othello’s down fall, creating â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear† which is elicited during the play. After Othello’s death, order is restored in the end, leaving the audiences to experience catharsis and feel a sense of loss, just as Aristotle intended it to be. The portrayal of Othello in Act I is juxtaposed to the Othello in Act III and IV, he is very different, he is portrayed as a physical and psychological wreck. Whereas in Act, Othello is afforded epithets, such as â€Å"valiant† and â€Å"noble moor: the use of the hyperbole creates a heroic tone, enabling the audience to identify Othello as the tragic hero. Othello fits the first criteria of an Aristotle theory of tragedy, a man of noble character, in Act I and II. However through Iago’s gulling, Othello begins to lose control, which is shown through his language â€Å"Zounds.† He becomes crude in his language like Iago. He exclaims â€Å"Goats and Monkey† echoing Iago’s earlier words: â€Å" Were they as prime as goats, as hot as moneys, As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross As ignorance made drunk. This portrays Othello’s peripeteia, following his harmatia ; his trust in the opportunist Iago which elicits â€Å"pity and fear†. The fact Othello uses taboo blasphemous language reflects the Jacobean perception of typical moor. At this point on stage, Shakespeare is conveying the stereotypical image of moor; a savage black man. One could say Shakespeare was using such a portrayal to please and entertain his racist audience. Or Shakespeare’s purpose could have been to educate his audience about how Othello’s tragic flaw can cause jealousy to unravel the â€Å"green eyed –monster†, which consumes Othello’s noble character and evokes â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear†. As Othello deteriorates, his jealousy, anger and subsequent thirst for revenge is reflected in his language. Othellos own words seem to prophesy his downfall: †¦perdition catch my soul But I do love thee! And when I love thee not . Chaos is come again., III.3.90-92) This is the first time Othello’s admitted vulnerability to Iago, the Machiavellian. At this point Othello loves Desdemona unequivocally but ironically his words foreshadow the â€Å"Chaos† to come. The audience know Iago’ has hatched a plan to â€Å"turn her virtue into, pitch† and â€Å"emesh them all† (II.iii.329) .This rising fear, prepares the audience to predict inevitable events â€Å"chaos.† Act III scene iii, also known as temptation scene; it is here that Othello begins to disintegrate; his peripeteia comes with the relentless pressure placed on him by Iago. At this point the fear evoked from the audience as the equilibrium of Act II deteriorates into â€Å"Chaos†. Othello’s inter-racial marriage with Desdemona was frowned upon in sixteenth century. At the time interracial marriage were considered unnatural and immoral act. Even the sixth president of America, John Quincy Adams regarded this marriage as: ‘The great moral lesson of Othello [Shows] black and white blood cannot be intermingled in marriage without a gross outrage upon the law of Nature.’ I disagree with this critic, it is a lack of Christian morals of the characters (Iago, Barbantio and Roderigo) that has made Othello seem like an outsider, resulting in this â€Å"outrage to occur. For instance the hostile environment has forced Othello to trust â€Å"honest Iago†. Iago abuses Othello’s trust makes him feel racially inferior. We feel pity for Othello has he is alienated from the great dignitaries of Venice as well as his wife. Perhaps this is why Othello’s rude behaviour is justified in Act IV onwards as he is black man responding to racism [Actor Patrick Stewart]. In Act I, Othello responds to racism in non-passive approach, through eloquent dialect â€Å"pardon me†, However in Act Iv Othello feels racially inferior, alienated and loses control and responds in aggressive manner â€Å"strumpet† . I think his behaviour is justified as he unaware of the real situation, and feels alienated. As the play progresses and Iago’s machinations and plans take shape, Othello’s speech declines from prose to verse; he speaks in broken sentences: â€Å" Lies with Her? Lie on her? we say lie on they belie on her. (IV.1.135-136) The structure of Othello speech signifies that Othello is not in right state of his mind; his speech is quick paced and lacks coherence reflecting his â€Å"broken† mind. Even Desdemona has noticed the poignant change in the Othello â€Å"my lord is not my lord†. This begins to create â€Å"pity and fear† for Desdemona, she is too naive to realise his jealousy. The audience feel great pity for Desdemona and fear Othello as he [strikes her]. The stage directions play an important role. Dramatists have often portrayed Desdemona being thrown dramatically and her cheeks appearing bright red. The eponymous hero at this point could be seen eponymous villain, as begins adopt anti- hero like qualities. For instance Othello â€Å"be whoring† of Desdemona, the slap in public follows his vow to â€Å"chop her into messes†; such a change indicates the pollution Iago has created in his mind. This highlights the chaos emerging and destruction of order, inspiring pity and fear Desdemona as well for Othello. The fact that Shakespeare initially portrayed Othello as honourable and brave amplifies his peripetia; and reduction to a mad vengeful, abusive husband and incoherent speaker, all due to Iago’s influence. Othello’s incoherence ramblings reveal his jealous and confusion, culminating in a physical and emotional breakdown at his lowest point he falls into epilepsy. His noble character is abolished through Iago â€Å"pour pestilence into his ear. The metaphorical â€Å"poison† Iago use to â€Å"pour† in Othello’s ear is symbolic of Iago’s nature, to destruct and to kill. We feel pity for Othello as Iago â€Å"poison† is metaphorically killing him. The handkerchief is a useful prop that provides â€Å"ocular proof.† The â€Å"handkerchief†, was seen as a romantic token of love, in sixteenth century and in the play it was Othello first gift to Desdemona. The fact Desdemona does not have the handkerchief turns Othello’s doubt into certainty. Othello values the handkerchief and Iago takes advantage of this and makes malicious use of the handkerchief: Her Honour is an essence that’s not seen: They have it very oft that have it not. But for the handkerchief- (Act IV.1.16-18) Although his tragic flaw will precipitate his inevitable downfall, it is the cruelty of Iago that results in this. Iago exploits Othello’s insecurities. He relates â€Å"her honour to the â€Å"handkerchief†, enabling him to subtly plot an honour killing in Othello’s mind. This infers Othello is much more self-conscious about his honour then Desdemona fidelity, because in Venetians and Renaissance society a man’s honour was closely linked to his wife’s behaviour. Iago will use this insecurity to gain control over Othello. Iago’s lies are so successful that it results Othello echoing his words â€Å"handkerchief† ( Act IV.1.22). This attitude of Othello elicits the audience’s pity. In addition Desdemona’s lie about the handkerchief â€Å"It is not lost â€Å"[Act III . IV.79], forces the audience to lose sympathy with her as they did with Othello in Act III, as it could be seen that she was partially responsible for her own death. This act gives Iago luck, allowing him to present handkerchief as â€Å"ocular proof† to Othello. Although it may been seen that Desdemona is partly responsible for this outcome, we can also infer that Othello ‘s hubris ; his arrogance and belief in Iago has prevented him to confront Desdemona. The society at the time, believed that men were superior to women. Perhaps such a great general and man of authority believed it was beneath him to directly ask about Desdemona infidelity. It is not only Othello that evokes fear, Iago’ s soliloquies can also create fear in the audience. They illustrate his true motives; his soliloquies support the theme of deception, â€Å"I am not what I am† the declarative allows the audience to see a Machiavellian character emerge. It also infers Iago has duplicitous nature. The Audiences will fear Iago as he presented as dangerous figure. Also this statement mimics the Biblical God; in exodus God says â€Å"I am what I am†; and just like a god, Iago controls the dynamics of the play. The monosyllabic declarative create suspense as well as anticipation, as we are unaware of his abilities. The fact that he is referred to â€Å"Honest Iago† creates dramatic irony, as the audience are aware of his duplicitous nature and the characters on stage are not. Desdemona is â€Å"honest† to Othello, she remains faithful, and her innocence is juxtaposed in his perception of her character as the â€Å"whore of Venice†. The use of ironies evokes the audience to feel pity for Desdemona, as she the helpless victim. They also feel pity for Othello as he being manipulated. The final scene of Othello is very cathartic. It purges emotions, as the audience feel both â€Å"pity† and â€Å"fear† for both Desdemona and Othello. We feel there is a sense of waste and loss. The deaths of Desdemona, Othello and Emilia were â€Å"unnecessary†, because these characters were innocent puppets of Iago’s game. Othello briefly returns to his former glory through his Ananogrosis O fool [ActV.ii.320], he regains his dignity returns to speak in former figurative language â€Å"Drops tears as fast as the Arabian trees†. In my opinion, Othello suicide was way to redeem him. The sense of loss in the play is profound by evoking â€Å"pity and fear.† Reference jstor.org/stable/3122719

Pros and cons of death penelty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pros and cons of death penelty - Research Paper Example s a legal sentence that acts as a strong deterrence to the criminals who seldom desist from committing crime and are used to committing such heinous crimes such as murder and killing (Hood 211). The provision of death penalty scares away the people from engaging in such serious and inhuman crimes like murder and killing. It protects the society from the serious criminals who are incapable of mending their ways. It is a final resort against such criminals who are incapable of correcting their criminal tendencies. (2) The one other advantage of death penalty is that it assures that a criminal gets full and complete justice. Since the consequences of death penalty are irreversible, the legal system looks to it that the varied aspects of a crime are seriously considered before an individual is given a death penalty (Hood 179). (3) It is the duty of the criminal justice system to look to it that a criminal gets appropriately punished for the heinous crime committed by one. The provision of death penalty assures that a criminal gets suitably and appropriately punished in consonance with the inhumanity and gravity of the crime committed by one (Anckar 59). (4) Death penalty is also appropriate as it brings a sense of final closure to the family members and friends of the victims who are subjected to serious crimes. It gives a sense of solace to their families that the justice has been met with in a suitable and time bound manner (Anckar 119). (ca) The one big objection against death penalty is that it is deemed to be inhuman and immoral (Haines 62). It is owing to the inhuman and immoral nature of the death penalty that this legal provision has been banned in Europe and in many other nations. (cc) One other objection against death penalty is that it is highly susceptible to the quality and fairness of a trial (Haines 172). In case the trial in the case of a prisoner is not fairly conducted, it may subject one to a situation, the consequences of which can never be

Ambiance and Musical Symmetry at Count Basie Theater Essay

Ambiance and Musical Symmetry at Count Basie Theater - Essay Example After attending the grand performance by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra at Count Basie Theater in Red Bank, leftover emotions and higher appreciation for the plight of the orchestra remained long after the event. Enjoyment of the symphony was certainly not limited to the more obvious elements of music such as tempo and style, the performance was pounded out by a host of talented musicians who furiously engaged the audience with competent instruments. The performance included Tchaikovsky – Symphony No. 5 in E minor, Op. 64 which was a rather brilliantly executed in a rather unique tempo with both conductor and musician working incredibly hard to focus attention on powerful percussion. Neeme Jarvi, the conductor, was rather violent in his obligations, which served to draw audience focus away from the instruments so as to see the passion Jarvi obviously has for music and the symphony. My traditional history with the symphony had rarely illustrated such an active conductor, which I believe made this particular series of performances more captivating. Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg was the soloist violin at Count Basie Theater, who managed to work the crowd into somewhat of a frenzy with her unique style.