Comme dhabitude - French Expression

Expression: Comme dhabitude Pronunciation: [kum dah bee tood] Meaning: as usual Register: normal Notes The French expression comme dhabitude, informally apocoped to comme dhab, means as usual, as when talking about something that regularly or typically happens. Examples      Charlot a oublià © de faire ses devoirs, comme dhabitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlot forgot to do his homework, as usual.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Comme dhabitude, Marc est parti sans fermer la porte.   Ã‚  Ã‚  As usual, Marc left without closing the door.      Ã‚  Ã‚   -Ça va, Élise ? Pas trop de boulot ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Comme dhab !   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Hows it going, Élise? Not too much work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -The usual! More Expressions with commeMost common French phrases

Is Anyone Exempt from the Influences of Advertising

Many people would argue that they personally feel exempt from the influences of advertising. But if this is the case, then why is the advertising industry grossing over $250 billion a year? The American living in the United States is typically exposed to over 3,00 advertisements in a single day, which means that he or she will spend two years of their lives watching television commercials. Advertisements are everywhere and we cannot avoid them. We see advertisements in schools, buildings, billboards, airplanes, bust stops, and so on. Not only are advertisements selling advertisements, but they’re selling values and beliefs, sexuality, images, and the normalcy of believing who we should be because an advertisement said so. Advertisements can create environments, but sometimes these environments can become toxic when consumers buy into its toxicity. One of the biggest toxicities of advertisements is the portrayal of women in advertisements. Though standards of beauty vary over t ime and by cultures, it seems as though the advertising industry is still buying into â€Å"the beauty myth.† This is notion that â€Å"the quality of beauty objectively and universally exists.† Though there have been strides to break this notion and attack how advertising has objectified women, it seems as though advertisements are objectifying women more and more. In most advertisements, we are not seeing women being depicted as who they really are, but being portrayed and objectified to be someone that theyShow MoreRelatedThe Hatch Act of 1939 Essays1020 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing several big corruption cases involving the burgeoning post-New Deal bureaucracy, and was aimed at the civil service. But by its terms, it applies to almost anyone on the U.S. government payroll. Only the president, vice president, and appointees requiring Senate confirmation (such as Cabinet secretaries) are exempt. The original Hatch Act forbade government employees to raise funds, give partisan public speeches, or volunteer for any candidate or party. Among its provisions, Read MoreThe Political Power of Social Media2727 Words   |  11 Pagesscience behind it, the motivations, and the manner in which two or more individuals not only converse, but interact (Miller). If we think logically, then we can understand how a political effort rulers and followers, would engender others to try to influence outcomes that would be most beneficial: the military has a view, certain citizens might be builders and want projects, others might want trade agreements, still others might vie to their products. These influencers are part of politics whisperesRead MoreBill C 36 : Protection Of Communities And Exploited Persons Act2523 Words   |  11 PagesBill C-36, the importance of decriminalizing prostitution and insight into the ways that I intend to influence it as a social worker. Review Overall, Bill C-36 attempts to create a new legal framing for prostitution in Canada and is rooted in the belief that prostitution is inherently violent and exploitative; therefore the intent is to protect sex workers from exploitation, protect communities from the harms caused by prostitution, and reduce the demand for sexual services. The framework of BillRead MoreOnline Community Building: The Case of DC Urban Moms2398 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscussion forums have also expanded the dimensions of audience theories in terms of enhanced user interaction and participation that advances many-to-many communication. With online forums, traditional journalistic gatekeeping is largely subsided; anyone can post or respond to a topic without prescreening of the messages. However, one may argue that audience building is a rather different process than community building in the context of online groups as we often discuss. In marketing communicationRead MoreBody Language And The Disney Essay2 101 Words   |  9 Pagesthey didn’t have the movies, the abundance of Disney paraphernalia we as a society are surrounded by every day has influenced the youth of America. A wise Disney character once said â€Å"with great power comes great responsibility†, and Disney is not exempt from this rule. No company is free of critique, and the bigger the company, the more responsibility they have to their audience and to society. The documentary Mickey Mouse Monopoly tackles a lot of issues related to the great corporation of Disney,Read MoreDevelopment Of The Sports Broadcasting2434 Words   |  10 Pageslaid the groundwork to make it all possible. In 1895, a combination of research and experiments done by Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla resulted in the birth of the radio, which was the first way that sports fans could experience a sporting event from anywhere besides the stadium itself. The first sporting event that was ever broadcasted on radio was a boxing prize fig ht between Jack Dempsey and Billy Miske, which resulted in Dempsey scoring a KO in three rounds (Schwartz). After nearly a decadeRead MoreA Report On Human Trafficking3218 Words   |  13 PagesAlthough slavery is today recognized as a violation of human rights,the ubiquitous nature of modern H.T. is clearly illustrated in the graph below. Although the locations and behaviors of H.T. are wide and disparate, the motive remains unchanged from ancient times. The market for H.T. exists because of the desire of people to have others do the tasks or face the dangers or provide the services that they, themselves, don t want to do, or to meet their needs in ways that they cannot persuade othersRead MoreSample Marketing Plan7635 Words   |  31 PagesPlan Outline * 1.0 Executive Summary * 2.0 Situation Analysis * 3.0 Marketing Strategy * 4.0 Marketing Mix * Pricing * Promotion * Advertising * Public Relations * Direct Marketing * Web Plan * Website Goals * Website Marketing Strategy * Development Requirements * Website Milestones * Implementation Schedule * Milestones * Funding Plan * Funding Strategy Read MoreCritical Incident Analysis Essay4177 Words   |  17 Pagesexplaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers, being reliable and dependable, declaring issues that might create conflicts of interest and making sure that they do not influence your judgement or practice; and adhering to policies and procedures about accepting gifts and money from service users and carers. (GSCC, codes of practice for social care workers.) My statutory observation placement is at a clinic for substance misuse, mainly being heroin, crack cocaine and alcoholRead MoreThe Constitution And The Federal Government3242 Words   |  13 PagesFederal Government would actually have some ability to govern unlike it had in the previous Articles of Confederation. They wished to establish a more organized justice system which under the Articles, was the States responsibility and could vary greatly from place to place. They also wanted the ability to raise an Army, to help protect its citizen’s lives and liberties. After The Revolution many of the founding fathers feared a large government and preferred smaller and more localized forms of government

Essay Comparing the Three Statues of David - 955 Words

Comparing the Three Statues of David The pieces of art I will be comparing and contrasting are the three statues of David, by Donatello (Donato di Niccolà ² di Betto Bardi), Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni), and Bernini (Gian Lorenzo Bernini). The statues are modeled after the biblical David, who was destined to become the second king of Israel. Also most famously known as the slayer of the Philistine giant Goliath with a stone and a sling. The sculptures are all based on the same biblical hero, but differ from one another. Each David is unique in its own certain way. A good deal is known about Donatellos life and career, but little is known about his character. Donatello was born in Florence, Italy in 1386†¦show more content†¦After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side. It seems almost impossible that such a young boy as David could have accomplished such a task. The look portrayed on David himself too seems doubtful of the deed, as he glances down towards Goliath?s head at his feet. Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany and died February 18th, 1564. The second sculpture is of Michelangelo?s David, 1501-1504. Its material is marble, it stands 13 5 and is currently located at the Galleria dellAccademia, Florence. Michelangelos David is based on the artistic discipline of disegno. It is said that under this discipline, sculpture is considered to be the finest form of art because of how it mimics divine creation. Michelangelo worked under the premise that the image of David was already in the block of marble he was working on, in much the same way that the human soul is thought to be found within the physical body (Michelangelos David). Unlike the David of Donatello, Michelangelos David is not shown after conquering his enemy. Instead, he is portrayed as an extremely athletic and manly character; the sculpture even depicts a worried look cast upon David?s face and the carved marble veins seem to pulse with anticipation as he contemplates the upcoming fight. Cast over David?s shoulder is his sling, and the stone isShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of David1112 Words   |  4 Pagesevolution of David. The most famous David sculptures come from the well-known and talented artists of Michelangelo and Bernini. There have been many David sculptures created throughout time, by such artist as Donatello and Verrocchio, but these works have eclipsed most other works to become sensations that will live forever. Michelangelo’s sculpture of David was created in 1504 during the Renaissance Era. It was commissioned for the Florence Cathedral but eventually replaced Donatello’s David in frontRead MoreShooting Stars - Carol Ann Duffy Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesShooting Stars is a very effective and ambiguous title. The first meaning is that the word Stars represent the Jewish symbol, The Star of David. Jewish people were forced to wear them on their clothes to mark them out as targets of abuse and torment for Nazis. Another possible meaning of the title is metaphorically symbolising a literal shooting star and comparing it to the life of the Jewish prisoners. The Jews life is similar to the shooting star in the way that their life and potential was brightRead MoreDo A Work Of Fine Art?1157 Words   |  5 Pages(â€Å"Appropriation†). However, when comparing Warhol’s art to that of Vincent Van Gogh’s, the boundary between pop culture and fine art becomes mo re distinct. Although Andy’s Campbell’s Soup Cans and Vincent’s Irises both demonstrate each artist’s expertise, Vincent’s art is considered fine art, whereas Warhol’s is viewed as pop art. Just as with two-dimensional art, there is a stark contrast between fine art photography and pop culture photography. For instance, when comparing the images from Daniel Picard’sRead MoreMichelangelo Buonarroti Essay2343 Words   |  10 PagesMichelangelo Buonarroti 1 Michelangelo Buonarroti is one of the most famous sculptor, painter, architect and poet during the High Renaissance. He is most famous for his sculpture of David and his fresco painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo led a very interesting life and had a huge impact on art as we see it today. Michelangelo was considered a contributor of the Mannerism movement. Mannerism is defined as â€Å" an art style in late 16thRead MoreRoman Artists And His Influence On The Public s Opinion On Prominent Figures And Political Issues3265 Words   |  14 Pagessculpture altered Augustus’s image positively. However, the reputations of political figures such as Caesar, Pompey, and Mamurra were hammered through poetry. Plautus also brings to light the aggressive nature and negative qualities of powerful figures. Statues were not the only way that Augustus’s image was promoted; Poetry was a prominent form of literary work at the time and served to manipulate people s perspective on political figures. After Augustus’s great feat against Mark Antony strove restoreRead MoreThe Life and Work of David Sedaris2399 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿David Sedaris has been compared to some of the greatest names in American Literature, including Mark Twain, Dorothy Parker and James Thurber (Moredock). Not surprisingly, all of the aforementioned authors captivated audiences with their sarcasm, wit, and humor three characteristics that are indicative of Sedariss writing in general. Sedaris has made a career as an author and recording artist (having broadcast and recorded his works of literature numerous times) who finds insight and points of laughterRead MoreThe True Language Of Love1782 Words   |  8 Pagesfact, the language of love and the language of religion are very similar, especially i n medieval texts. Two texts that provide an excellent example of this type of language are Marie de France’s Lanval and Margery Kempe’s The Book of Margery Kempe. Comparing the language used in these works with the biblical book Song of Songs, it is clear that the language used in the texts of the medieval period doubles as both religious and romantic. Song of Songs, or Song of Solomon, is a book of the bible thatRead MoreWhy the Religious Law About Pure Sex is Beneficial for Jewish Orthodox Women?2219 Words   |  9 PagesGirl†, introduced by the historian Bettany Hughes, that had an interesting thesis, emphasized the role that women played in the social life of ancient times, and gathered evidences suggesting that women were close to the divine. The double-sided statue looks pregnant on one side and skeletal on the other. ‘The goddess of life and death which represents the circle of life† (â€Å"Divine Women: When God was a Girl†). According to the Jewish religion, when women keeping the family purity lawRead MoreHinduism, Buddhism, And Confucianism2227 Words   |  9 Pagesnot baked in the same oven? and could easily be used to describe three religions of this world. The third, fourth, and eighth largest religions when ranked by membership numbers are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism and their individual beliefs are different which will be explored; however, these same three religions rank one, two, and three in the nontheistic religions that do not focus on belief in gods?the one area that all three are the same. Hinduism is the third largest religion in the world;Read More Money and Power Dont Bring Happiness Essay4147 Words   |  17 Pagesmarkets to international free trade. Theories introduced centuries ago by Adam Smith and other neoclassical economists state that countries will be able to increase wealth and gross domestic product (GDP) by allowing the markets to dictate free trade. David Ricardo took this idea one step further in introducing his idea of comparative advantage which stated that each country has an abundance or scarcity of either land, labor or capital. If a country has an abundance of one and a scarcity of another

Human Resource Management ( Hr ) - 1499 Words

Human Resource Management (HR) is a function in an organisation aimed at maximizing employee performance in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims and objectives and competitive advantage of an organisation.† (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch Fitzpatrick, 2006). After all, the key characteristic of HR is ‘integration.’ The role of HR and HR Professionals can be linked to four main SHRM theories, namely: Jackson Schuler (1995), Kochan Barocci (1985), Klatt, Murdich Schuster (1978) and Lundy Cowling (1996). According to Jackson Schuler’s theory; â€Å"a variety of macro-level environmental characteristics influence the adoption of particular organisational HR practices, policies and philosophies.† (Hartel et al., 2006). Therefore macro-level environmental factors such as: laws and regulations, politics and culture all need to be considered by the HR department or HR Professionals as these factors will ultimately influence the organisation’s performance and overall success. Jackson and Schuler’s model indicates how aspects such as the organisation’s size, structure, strategy, technology and life cycle stage determine what and how information is interpreted, howShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hr )1550 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HR) acts to serve a function which is aimed at maximizing the overall performance of a business and its employees in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims andRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Hr1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe report below sets out the importance of the HR function, explains how HR activities support the organisation’s strategy and ways HR support line managers and their staff. The HR Function is in a position to add value by proper formulation and implementations of the following activities and in turn support the organisation strategy. Recruitment and Selection Recruiting the wrong people can lead to a drop in productivity, lack of commitment, low morale, and rapid staff turnover, all of whichRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department1532 Words   |  7 Pages Although Human Resource Management did begin as a administrative job, advancements in technology has increased a business’s resources to the point of needing this department to take on a more strategic role. The HR Department is or all intend and purposes the center point for the employees needs ranging from - payroll, benefits, vacation, as well as staying up to date with the legal matters. The roles the HR department have always been aimed at meeting the needs of the employee, with a strategicRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Hr Professionals1528 Words   |  7 Pagesmuch discussion about the issue of whether Human Resource (HR) roles can be integrated into the new position by the HR function in companies. Human Resource Management (HRM) can be defined as â€Å"a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organizations† (Armstrong, 2014, p.5). HR professionals’ works are regarded as emp loyee training, recruitment, personnel administrative, reward management, service delivery, and organizational performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department955 Words   |  4 PagesHuman resource management is the key to a business that runs smoothly and efficiently. The people that run the HR department have to be knowledgeable in many capacities such as interviewing, training, accounting, and ensuring that everyone is performing their job duties in a high quality way. Recruitment of personnel is one of the main things that most think of when they hear human resource management. You can be guaranteed that anyone earning a paycheck in the building has gone through theRead MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 PagesHR in the 21st century Introduction: As the business world journeyed into the 21st century, the traditional ways of handling many business aspects slowly drifted away. This â€Å"turn-of-the-century† brought a whole new way of how businesses operate and the departments within. These new ways of the business include the prominence of technology, the ongoing fight for diversity in the workplace, and expansion on globalization. Because these changes also effect the employees within the workplace, thisRead MoreThe Hr Management : The Job Of Human Resource Management1146 Words   |  5 Pages1a.Personnel management is an administrative function of an organization that exists to provide the personnel needed for organizational activities and to manage the general employee-employer relationship Human resource management; The job of human resource management is to ensure that the organization has the human capital it needs to accomplish its goals. (Account management, 2009) KPMG; HR management 1.They make available the required training development any staff need right from recruitment 2Read MoreHr Philosophy : Human Resource Management2225 Words   |  9 PagesHR Management Philosophy â€Å"Human Resource Management is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives.† (HR Course Book (1)) Thus, â€Å"HR philosophy is basically the guiding principle behind how your HR function executes on its vision, mission and goals.† (Wikipedia) It is inclusive of recruiting, interviewing, job offering or hiring, benefits, training, retention, policy and procedures, and promotions of it’s human capitalRead MoreHr Issues : Human Resource And Senior Management2851 Words   |  12 PagesHR issues have been common in many organizations. Productivity is one of the recent issues that a certain organization is facing. The level of production matters a lot in all organizations (Eden, 2015). This is the main aspect that an organization focuses and aims to achieve in its daily operations. The organization has met challenges as it tries to sustain its performance. Productivity managem ent involves the process of monitoring and developing activities in an organization to ensure that thereRead MoreHuman Resources Department Is Responsible For Performing Hr Management Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe human-resources department is responsible for performing HR management. This includes overseeing numerous aspects of employment, such as compliance with labor laws, employee benefits, recruitment and retention just to name a few. According to APHSA (2016), there are four primary functions for which HR is responsible: Executing HR Administrative Functions; Developing Talent; Influencing Culture; and Influencing Direction. By executing HR admin functions the department; builds trust with administration

Novartis s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility

Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ben Lawton, Erin Shull Sean Avjian, Zain Ali Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for MGMT 170 Managerial Communication taught by Professor Cheryl Amantea in the Fall Semester Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measure of a business’s impacts on society, both positive and negative. Pharmaceutical companies in particular are held to a high ethical standard by the public due to the nature of their products. Novartis, the third largest drug and biotech company in the world, aspires to be a model of ethics and philanthropy in the industry. The company uses its size and global prominence to set a high CSR standard for all businesses. This paper examines some of Novartis’s most recent projects that contribute to the company’s respected reputation, but also investigates lawsuits against Novartis and shortcomings with its transparency, both of which the administration continually fails to address. Recent Philanthropic Initiatives Novartis has increased its budget for charitable healthcare over the last few years. The company developed entire departments to oversee charity projects, raise awareness of diseases, and increase accessibility to its products. These projects focus on providing both preventative and treatment-based healthcare to low-income populations. WorkShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1226 Words   |  5 PagesNovartis’ Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Consumers all over the world are pressuring companies to become more socially responsible. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measurement of a business’ impacts on society, both positive and negative. Pharmaceutical companies in particular are held to a high ethical standard by the public due to the nature of their product. Novartis, one of the largest healthcare and pharmaceuticalRead MoreJohnson Johnson Financial Analysis4755 Words   |  20 Pagesincludes the Johnsons baby care line, the Neutrogena skin and hair care line, o.b. and Stayfree feminine hygiene products, the Reach oral care line, Band-Aid brand adhesive bandages, Imodium A-D diarrhea treatment, Mylanta gastrointestinal product s, Pepcid AC acid controller, Tylenol, Motrin, and St. Joseph pain relievers, and Benecol and Splenda sweeteners. Jamp;J generates about 40 percent of its revenues outside the United States, through its network of 200 operating companies in 57 countriesRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 PagesNielsen MA in Corporate Communication Ã…rhus, Denmark. August 2010 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © Javier Levrino Table of contents Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem statement 1.3 Delimitation 1.4 Methodology 1.4.1 1.4.2 1.4.3 1.4.4 Scientific paradigm: hermeneutics Qualitative research approach Theoretical framework Analysis of websites 1.4.4.1 Selection criteria 1.4.4.2 Data collection 1.5 Structure 2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Corporate CommunicationRead MoreGlobal Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis7049 Words   |  29 Pagesgenerics emerged. The top 10 firms and their particulars are provided in the table below. Rank 2008 Company Country Total Revenues(USD millions) Healthcare RD 2006(USD millions) Net income/ (loss) 2006(USD millions) Employees 2006 1 Novartis Switzerland 53,324 7,125 11,053 138,000 2 Pfizer USA 48,371 7,599 19,337 122,200 3 Bayer Germany 44,200 1,791 6,450 106,200 4 GlaxoSmithKline United Kingdom 42,813 6,373 10,135 106,000 5 Johnson and Johnson USA 37,020 5,349 7,202 102,695 Read MoreJohnson and Johnson Analysis9749 Words   |  39 Pagessegment reported an increase in sales from 2008. This segment increased its sales by 1.9 percent from 2008’s figures to $23.6B. The Pharmaceuticals segment reported sales of $22.5B (down 8.3 percent), while the Consumer Products segment reported sales of $15.8B (down 1.6 percent) (JNJ 2009 Annual Report). Only the Medical Devices and Diagnostics US sales showed any increase from 2008’s sales levels. Figure 1 below represents the three business segments displaying US and International 2009 salesRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Ethical Practices13569 Words   |  55 Pages| Ethics in Corporate Society | | PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING-the growing ethical concern? Analytical Report | | | Madiha Raza Noama Naeem Sheikh Zargham Zaigham LETTER OF AUTHORIZATION November 5, 2011 Dear Readers, As students of BBA, our course instructor of Ethics in Corporate Society, Ms. Tania Danish authorized us to make a report on the â€Å"PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING-the growing ethical concern?† We were required to make a report in accordance to our learning in the courseRead MoreProblems Facing the Pharmaceutical Industry and Approaches to Ensure Long Term Viability14741 Words   |  59 Pagesrationale around that $68 billion deal: That Wyeth s products will make up for Lipitor s fall off the patent cliff. Many big Pharma companies have responded to the current business climate by engaging in a variety of strategies aimed at paving the way for future success. Examples of this are, Merck s recent merger with Schering Plough, a move aimed at consolidation based on perceived pipeline synergies, the Pfizer buyout of Wyeth and Roche s acquisition of Genentech. Others have pursued the pathRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19417 Words   |  78 PagesBusiness Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three years, this focus on innovation was recognized by The Economist Corporate Use of Innovation Award in 2009.The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007 andRead MoreThe Mind of a Marketing Manager26114 Words   |  105 Pages William Rothschild Ultimately, we wanted Nike to be the world s best sports and fitness company. Once you say that, you have a focus. You don t end up making wing tips or sponsoring the next Rolling Stones world tour. Phil Knight Most business strategies are inadequate for today s markets. They lack context and differenc flexibility and engagement. They often miss the bigger opportunities, andRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19403 Words   |  78 PagesBusiness Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three years, this focus on innovation was recognized by The Economist Corporate Use of Innovation Award in 2009.The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007 and

Contract Law Legally Enforceable

Question: Discuss about the case study Contract Law for Legally Enforceable. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is if the promise made by Jane to give her car to Jack is legally enforceable in view of the fact that consideration is not present to support the promise made by Jane. In this way, the present issue deals with the role of consideration under the contract law. The contract law as prescribed that offer, acceptance and consideration are the essential elements that should be present in case of a legally enforceable contract. According to the contract law, a contract is considered as valid and enforceable by the law only if the above mentioned elements are present (Atiyah, 1990). According to the law, each party should provide consideration for the promise that has been received by it under the contract. In the same way, the law provides that past consideration is not a valid consideration (Re McArdle, 1951). Therefore, consideration can be described as anything of value. Due to this reason, it is required that consideration should be something real and illusionary consideration is not valid (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). In this case, Jane had promised to give his car to Jack at the offer was accepted by Jack. But in return, Jack has not made a promise to pay any price for the car or in other words there is no consideration. But in this regard, according to the law of contract, a contract can be legally enforced only if consideration is present to support such a promise. In the present case, Jack has not given any consideration in return of the promise made by Jane to give his Lotus super sports car. Therefore it can be said that Jack does not have an enforceable agreement in this case. The issue in this question is if the elements of a valid contract are present when Jack accepted the offer to purchase the Lotus super sports car from Jane at a price of $25,000. As mentioned above, there are certain elements that should be present in an agreement to make it to legally enforceable contract. These elements include offer, acceptance and consideration. Apart from it, it is also require that the party should have the intention of entering into a legal relationship and in the same way, they should also have the capacity to create a valid contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Therefore when an offer made by one party to the contract is accepted by the other party, in return of a valid consideration, it is said that a legal contract has been created between the parties (White v Bluett, 1853). In the present case, Jane had made an offer to sell his Lotus super sports car for $25,000 to Jack. The market value of the card is also around $25,000. Therefore this offer is accepted by Jack and he agrees to pay $25,000 for the car to Jane. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the essential elements that are necessary for creating legally enforceable contract are present in this case and as a result, Jack has legally enforceable contract. In this case, Jack can enforce the contract against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the adequacy of consideration. Jane had made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a price of $2500 while in reality; the market price of the car was around $25,000. The offer was accepted by Jack and as a result, an issue arises in this contract is enforceable by Jack. The relevant rule of law related with the adequacy of consideration provides that the validity of contract does not depend on the adequacy of consideration. The only requirement is that considered it should be something of value in the eyes of law (Beale, (ed) 2002). According to the law contract, it is not necessary that the benefit that has been conferred on the other party or the detriment suffered by the promisee in return of the promised should be equal to their responsibility that has been assumed by the promisor. In other words, it can be said that it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate. As a result, any real consideration, also a small it may be, is sufficient for supporting a promise made by the other party. In Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1959), the court reiterated the doctrine of the contract law according to which the consideration is required to be sufficient but it is not necessary that it should also be adequate. In the present case, Jane had offered to sell the car at $2500 while in reality the market price of the car was around $25,000. But by applying the principle that the consideration should be sufficient and it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate, it can be said that when the offer made by Jane was accepted by Jack, and the enforceable contract has been created between the parties. Therefore in this case, Jack can enforce this promise against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the impossibility of the promise made by the fires according to which they had agreed to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilders in case the shipbuilders completed the tanker on time. It was particularly important for the buyer that the bank that should be completed on time as they already had a charter for the tanker. According to the traditional position under the contract law, it has been provided that a promise can be considered as enforceable only if he has been supported by consideration (Atiyah, 2000). This is particularly the case in Stilk v Myrick (1809) where the ship's Master had made a promise to the crew that the wages of the two deserters will be distributed among the rest of the members of the crew who had remained on the ship. However when the crew tried to enforce this promise, it was stated by the court that this promise was not enforceable due to the reason that any consideration has not been provided by the members of the group for the promise made by the captain. The court stated that the members of the crew were already under a contract complete the voyage. Similarly the position adopted by the court in this case also appears to have been applied in the case is related with partial payment in the full satisfaction of the debt. By example in Pinnel's case (1602), the defendant had not provided any consideration return of the promise made by the plaintiff not to sue on the partial payment accepted by it. However, the situation was significantly changed by the decision given Williams v Roffey (1990). In this case, Roffey had entered into a contract with Williams for doing some carpentry work. The parties agreed that the price will be 20,000 for the carpentry work. However, after some time, Williams found themselves in financial difficulties. On the other hand, Roffey were concerned that if the work was not completed on time, they may be held liable under the penalty clause that was present in the main building contract with a third-party. Therefore, they made a promise to pay an extra amount to Williams for every flat that was completed on time. But later on, Roffey decided against paying this extra amount. The plaintiff sued them for the extra money promised by them. It was argued by the defendant that Williams had only done what they were already bound to do under the contract by completing the work on time. However the decision of the court in this case was that the defendant, Roff ey was found by the promise to pay extra money on the completion of the work on time. The court further stated that they require consideration has been provided by Williams in this case As Roffey had achieved a practical benefit in the form of avoiding the penalty and also by avoiding the need for finding a new sub-contractor. In this way, it was stated by the court that the promise for paying the extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable and as a result, the amount can be legally recovered by the other party. Under these circumstances, a rule of the contract law has been developed according to which the promise of paying extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable if the party that had made the promise of paying the extra amount was going to attain any advantage or avoid any laws as a result of the completion of the work on time. In the same way, in such a case it is also required that the promise for paying the extra money should not be the result of any economic duress or fraud and therefore in such a case, the benefit that the party making the promise is going to receive as a result of the word being completed on time could act as a good consideration for this promise. When the above-mentioned rules of contract law are applied to the facts of this case, it can be said that in this case also the buyer has made a promise according to which they were going to pay extra amount to the shipbuilder so that the work of making the tanker can be completed on time as the shipbuilder was set to suffer the loss as a result of the devaluation of the US currency by the government. Under these circumstances, the shipbuilder asked for the payment of extra US $3 million otherwise they will stop the work. Under these circumstances, the buyer reluctantly agreed to pay the extra amount. The reason was that the buyer already had the charter for the tanker and therefore it was very important that the tanker was delivered on time. On these grounds, in the present case, it can be said that the promise made by the buyer to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilder was legally enforceable if such promise was not made as a result of the economic duress on part of the shipbuilder. As in this case, the buyer was going to achieve an end wanted by the completion of the ship on time, it can be said that the promise of paying the extra amount was legally enforceable. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beale, H., (ed) 2002 Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law (Hart Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Chappell v Nestle [1960] AC 87 Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Re Wragg Ltd [1897] 1 Ch 796 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2 QB 85 White v Bluett (1853) 2 WR 75 Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER 512

The impact of Leadership

Question: Write an essay on The impact of leadership. Answer: Introduction The impact of leadership for running an organization successfully is the primary concern of this particular study. An ideal leader is the primary spine of an organization that has to lead a team successfully for providing effective services to the customers. A company can face a disastrous consequence due to the inefficiency of a leader within an organization. This particular study has provided a detailed case scenario about Enron. Established in the year 1986, Enron had expanded their widespread wings as a natural gas pipeline company. In the third quarter of 2001, the CEO of this company, Jeff Skilling had to face a disastrous consequence as Enron had been tagged as a failed business. Therefore, this specific study has primarily focused how leadership plays a major role in order to build the organizational culture as well as behavior. In addition, this study has also focused to highlight why the leaders of an organization like Enron should maintain ethical practices and appropriate leadership theories to lead the organizational team. In the middle of 2001, Enron had to face immense challenges to maintain appropriate leadership style at the workplace. As a result, the shareholders of Enron showed their reluctance to use the service of this company. In the mean time, Jeff Skilling resigned from the post of chief executive officer due to the personal reason (Avolio Yammarino 2013). After the departure of Skilling, the scenario has been changed to some extent. Ken Lay had been appointed for the post of CEO. As per his point of view, the companys share plays a major role for rendering the success of a business. In order to enhance the share of the company, the leaders of this organization should maintain some necessary ethical codes and practices. In this regard, the implementation of appropriate leadership style and theory is highly important. This particular case study has not provided detailed information what leadership theory this specific organization likes to follow (Carter, Ulrich Goldsmith, 2012). However, as per the opinion of newly appointed CEO Ken Lay, the organization should follow some of the important leadership theories such as motivational theory, behavioral theory, trait theory and so many. Motivational theory believes that leaders are responsible for motivating the employees to provide best services to the customers. Employees should get the scope to express their views regarding any particular business. For the achievement of the business organization, the employee should get rewards that can motivate them to put more effort for the success of a business. In this case study, it has been observed that Jeff Skilling did not intend to maintain motivational theory the workplace. The relation in between the employers and the stakeholders were very professional and straightforward. The behavioral approach of a leader inside the organization should be positive so that employees do not have to hesitate to share any problem regarding the job profile. As per Enron case study, it has been observed that integrity, respect and the communication are the major pathways to build a good co-ordination with the stakeholders (Chhokar, Brodbeck House 2013). As per the behavioral theory, people of various culture and attitude should get respect and dignity at the workplace. Employees deserve every right to protest against any disrespectful treatment towards them. Communication would be effective only when the leaders would like to show their participative outlook to the workers. Their co-operation and their helpful attitude towards the workers would definitely bring the success of a company. In case of Enron, it has been observed that Skilling intended to transfer the energy to California for creating blackouts. As a result, the price of electricity had been increased gradually. Employees had to face innumerable difficulties to face the regional stakeholder. Skilling as a CEO stated in this occasion that his responsibility as a chief officer is to increase the entire process of business. Therefore, by keeping the stock price up, the company would be able to plan about more profit making (Cummings Worley 2014). However, it is undeniable that Skilling has not properly justified the code of ethics and leadership theory in this case. The success of a business is highly dependent on the performance of an employee. Therefore, the transformation of energy to California at higher price has not been accepted by most of the existing employees of Enron. Consequently, a long communication gap took place in between the CEO and the employees. After the entrance of Ken Lay, the scenario of Enron has changed to some extent. Maintaining integrity, effective communication, positive behavior at the workplace had been given priority. However, Dimmock (2013) stated that the implementation of leadership theory within an organization is undeniable. Organizational culture and behavior is the way how people like to interact and communicate in between each other inside the organization regarding the business goal. This particular part has focused to discuss on the different ways how leadership can influence culture. When Ken Lay and his company had to face immense struggle to keep the reputation of the organization, many of their contemporary traders intended to laugh at them. Therefore, this particular time was the toughest part of leadership for Ken Lay (Johnston, 2012). Amidst the gossips and rumors thrown by the contemporaries, Ken Lay had to fight there by surviving in the business industry. However, it is undeniable that organizational culture and ethics is highly dependent on the leadership style. The ways that leadership plays a big role for influencing the organizational culture are as follows: Providing rewards and enforcements: Employees need to get motivation and support at every step for their service process. Reward, appraisal and the enforcement are the major ways for appreciating the performance of employees. If a team within an organization succeeds to reach the business target, the leaders should take the responsibility to reward the team so that they get enthusiasm to put more effort and labor for achieving the business success. In case of Enron, employees used to get bonus and incentive after reaching the business success. At the time of Skilling, this particular policy had not been implemented. Ken Lay had decided to implement the rule from rescuing the team from being demolished (Jonason, Slomski Partyka 2012). It had been observed in Enron that the new employees had replaced lowest performers. This de-motivational factor also hampers highly in performance of employees. Leaders should always rectify the mistakes of underperformers. Replacement can never be the best option to render success in a business. The leaders of Enron should definitely take care of this fact. Using participative leadership at the workplace Participative leadership implies that both the employers and the employees within an organization should have equal participation to achieve the success of a business. By following participative leadership style, leaders do not intend to impose their decision on the employees. Employees get the opportunity to expose their views regarding the betterment of business process. As a result, the employees get motivated to maintain the organizational culture and values (Moore et al. 2012). In case of Enron, it has been observed that the board of director liked to follow autocratic leadership style instead of participative. Consequently, employees felt least interest to maintain the organizational culture, ethics and values. Personality of the leaders and their way of interacting with the employees Organizational culture is highly influenced on the personality of a leader inside the organization. After appointing in the post of CEO Ken Lay had shown a strong personality to maintain the organizational culture and discipline. After the resignation of Skilling, Lay had strongly emphasized on the integrity, communication and respect (Pendse, 2012). As per his point of view, integrity inside the organization can be maintained only when people would like to show their respect towards each other. The personality of Lay truly drew the attention of Enron employees based on which they intended to maintain organizational discipline. Communication process: Leaders should always maintain an effective communication with the employees. By maintaining a strong communication, leaders can come to know various problems regarding the job. Besides, effective communication helps the organization to take collective decision at the right time (Piff et al. 2012). In an occasion, Lay had stated that communication is one of the major ways to maintain organizational culture. Unfortunately, as per the actual scenario, it has been observed that the interpersonal communication among the members of Enron was not very strong. Unethical behavior ultimately causes a disastrous consequence within the business organization. Leaders therefore, have to play a major role in order to avoid such kind of unethical practices inside at the workplace (Von Krogh, Nonaka Rechsteiner 2012). Enron is not exceptional to that. This particular organization should also follow some of the major ways to avoid unethical behavior within the organization. These are as follows: Maintaining regulations at the workplace: Business organizations should follow some of the major acts and regulations at the workplace. The regulations and acts that should be followed at the workplace include data protection act, right to information act, health and safety act and so on. Both the employers and the employees have the equal right to utilize these regulations and act. If employers intend to treat the employees recklessly, this individual employee can take an immediate legal step against the employer (Robbins et al. 2013). As a result, this particular employer would like to think twice before conducting any misbehavior. Therefore, it is undeniable that regulations and acts are highly able to prevent unethical behavior at the workplace. Appreciating the performance of the employees In case of maximum business organization, it has been observed that the managers do not intend to appreciate the efforts and labor of the employees. As a result, employees tend to show their reluctance to provide good service to the customers. Due to the lack of appreciation, employees intend to perform reluctantly. They like to show objectionable gesture towards the seniors. Ultimately, it affects to maintain a systematic environment inside the organization. Enron under the leadership of Skilling had faced this kind of situation repeatedly. Providing training and guidance how to maintain ethics and values within an organization: In order to maintain organizational ethics and culture inside the workplace, employees should get an effective training and guidance how to maintain organizational culture. Training helps to enhance the skill and competency of an employee (Robbins et al. 2013). It gathers experience as well. With the help of an effective training process, employees would be able to know about the value and importance of maintaining organizational culture. The employees of Enron did not receive any training regarding this particular matter (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik 2013). As a result, employees do not understand properly about the importance of culture and value. This is one of the biggest reasons for such a disastrous consequence of Enron. Creating a code of conduct: Code of conduct is nothing but a set of rules that helps to outline some of the major roles of responsibility. While working within an organization, both the employers and the employees have to maintain the code of conduct in order to maintain an organizational culture and behavior (Schaubroeck et al. 2012). Based on this particular practice, the junior employees have to show a decent gesture and attitude towards the senior. The gesture of the juniors is highly dependent on the leaders of an organization. If the leaders fail to maintain their personality at the workplace, employees tend to show their reluctance to maintain code of conductAs per the above discussion, it can be stated that the study has primarily focused to discuss on the various impacts of leadership for the success of a business organization like Enron. The role of leaders for reducing unethical behavior has also been pointed out here (Senge 2014). Therefore, it can be recommended that showing equal respect and digni ty to the people of various culture and background, maintaining strong interpersonal communication among every employee, developing the understanding of people can definitely reduce the overall unethical practice and behavior inside the organization. Conclusion: This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the effectiveness of leadership for controlling the business process. As per the case study of Enron it has been observed how an organization has to face a disastrous consequence due to the incompetency of a leader. The personality, skill and competency of an ideal leader help to build the image of an organization. Therefore, this particular study has focused to highlight how a leadership quality helps to influence the organizational culture and behavior. Reference List: Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Carter, L., Ulrich, D., Goldsmith, M. (Eds.). (2012).Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Cummings, T., Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dimmock, C. (2013).School-based management and school effectiveness. Routledge. Johnston, P. B. (2012). Does decapitation work? Assessing the effectiveness of leadership targeting in counterinsurgency campaigns.International Security,36(4), 47-79. Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way.Personality and Individual Differences,52(3), 449-453. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V. L., Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), 1-48. Pendse, S. G. (2012). Ethical hazards: A motive, means, and opportunity approach to curbing corporate unethical behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), 265-279. Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Ct, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(11), 4086-4091. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I., Massarik, F. (2013).Leadership and organization. Routledge. Von Krogh, G., Nonaka, I., Rechsteiner, L. (2012). Leadership in organizational knowledge creation: a review and framework.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 240-277.