The Number of Countries in the World

The Number of Countries in the World The response to the apparently straightforward land question of what number nations are there? is that it relies upon whos doing the tallying. The United Nations, for instance, perceives 241 nations and domains. The United States, be that as it may, formally perceives less than 200 countries. At last, the most fitting answer is that there are 196 nations on the planet. Heres why. Joined Nations Member States There are 193 part states in the United Nations. This complete is regularly refered to mistakenly as the genuine number of nations on the planet; its off base on the grounds that there are two different individuals with constrained status. Both the Vatican (authoritatively known as the Holy See), which is an autonomous country, and the Palestinian Authority, which is a semi administrative body, have been conceded changeless eyewitness status at the United Nations. These two elements can partake in all official UN exercises however can't cast casts a ballot in the General Assembly. Moreover, a few countries or districts of the world have pronounced their freedom and are perceived by a lion's share of UN part states yet are not part of the United Nations. Kosovo, an area of Serbia that proclaimed autonomy in 2008, is one such example.â Countries Recognized by the United States The United States authoritatively perceives different countries through the State Department. As of May 2018, the State Department recognizedâ 195 autonomous nations around the globe. This rundown mirrors the political plan of the United States of America and its partners. In contrast to the United Nations, the United States keeps up full political relations with Kosovo and the Vatican. In any case, one country is absent from the State Departments list that ought to be on it. The Nation That Isnt The island of Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China, meets the prerequisites for an autonomous nation or state status. In any case, everything except a bunch of countries will not perceive Taiwan as an autonomous country. The political purposes behind this go back to the late 1940s, when the Republic of China was removed from terrain China by Mao Tse Tungs socialist revolutionaries and ROC pioneers fled to Taiwan. The socialist Peoples Republic of China keeps up that it has authority over Taiwan, and relations between the island and territory have been stressed. Taiwan was really an individual from the United Nations (and even the Security Council) until 1971 when terrain China supplanted Taiwan in the association. Taiwan, which has the universes 29th-biggest economy, keeps on squeezing for full acknowledgment by others. Yet, China, with its developing monetary, military, and political clout, has to a great extent had the option to shape the exchange on this issue. Thus, Taiwan can't fly its banner at global occasions, for example, the Olympics and must be alluded to as Chinese Taipei in some strategic circumstances. Domains, Colonies, and Other Non-Nations Many regions and settlements are now and then wrongly called nations yet dont tally on the grounds that theyre represented by different nations. Places usually befuddled as being nations incorporate Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Greenland, Palestine, and Western Sahara. The segments of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and England) areâ not completely autonomous nations, either, however they do appreciate a level of self-sufficiency. At the point when subordinate regions are incorporated, the United Nations perceives a sum of 241 nations and territories.â So How Many Countries Are There? In the event that you utilize the U.S. State Departments rundown of perceived countries and furthermore incorporate Taiwan, there areâ 196 nations on the planet. A similar number is reached in the event that you check the UN casting a ballot individuals, its two lasting onlookers, and Taiwan. This is the reason 196 is presumably the best current response to the inquiry.

The Healthcare Business

Question: Portray a few procedures at which we can advances the medicinal services business adequacy utilizing IT. Answer: Presentation In the present date PC and Information Technology (IT) are a fundamental piece of each business. In this serious market, each business needs to put more in IT. Data innovation benefits the business world by permitting associations to work all the more productively to expand profitability. Data Technology radically changed the lives of various associations and their proprietors. Individuals incline toward internet shopping than open air shopping, computerized showcasing than entryway to entryway promoting, advanced correspondence than letter discussion, and so on , and they are increasingly dynamic in web-based social networking. Everything is occurring simply because of the new trend setting innovation brought by IT, and all the parts of a business is effectively taken care of by IT segment. With the use of IT in social insurance field nature of administrations have expanded numerous folds. So for human services business arranging, persistent consideration, clinical investigation, co mpelling showcasing, deals, orderly administration, observing, moment client assistance and long haul business development can't be accomplished without IT. Asset The achievement of each business relies upon specific components. Some of which are a precise investigation of the item, picking the correct innovation the future vision. IT is the most brilliant and important innovation through which we can dissect explicit information altogether and plan the business venture in that manner. For instance in medicinal services investigation apparatus can be one of the most valuable devices to monitor persistent records, patterns, wellbeing data, quality assistance, and so on. Portraying a few procedures at which we can advances the social insurance business adequacy utilizing IT. Procedure Models : First of all, we need to set up a procedure model which speaks to different strides through which all the errands ought to be executed. The primary objective to set up these models is to accomplish the necessary objective inside a brief period. These models can show all the procedure human services business is experiencing and fulfill all the client necessities. Use Cases Use Stories : It shows the grouping of occasions and procedure to accomplish the objective. In this segment we need to think about various standards, cases, and situation. Important information examination should be possible to show up at use cases and configuration best practices for human services. Planning : Design various models of various divisions. At that point join all these and set up a procedure model of the business considering all the angles. Information Analysis : Different information examination and revealing strategies can be utilized to screen tolerant wellbeing pattern, nature of care, medication stock, execution measurements, and so forth. Innovative work : Analyzing the clinical information, finding, sharing of data over web, stockpiling of data over cloud and simplicity of accessibility of information whenever anyplace helps the innovative work office from numerous points of view. Testing : The testing procedure is a lot of required to cross check all the procedure are running as expected and test the general profitability. Advantage There are heaps of points of interest that IT can give to social insurance organizations. For instance: Proficiency : IT permits various kinds of instruments and programming or various applications which permit the association to work adequately and deliberately. There are sure things which can be followed in a legitimate manner for fruitful development for example investigate information, expository reports, item documentation, booked work and cutoff times. The database of an organization shows how huge it is and how effectively they suggest their thoughts in the public arena. All these work should be possible by better time the executives , lesser human blunder, improved execution effectively defeating any hazard. Cost-Effectiveness : As we have all the things at our entryway step and handle it in a compelling manner so now we can without much of a stretch control our life. In the event that organization thoroughly redesigns and mechanizes its association through programming execution, at that point it will require less worker to run business. There are such a large number of instruments and applications accessible which computerize the procedure and diminishes the vast majority of the manual work. Take a model clients can sign in to human services entries, book arrangements, see clinical reports, converse with specialists without anyone else and it needn't bother with an agent at each progression to support the client. Generally it rearranges the work in most financially savvy path for any human services association. Speed : At a period PC can accomplish heaps of work like investigating clinical records, gathering distinctive data of clients, their wellbeing reports and progress, input about the administrations, and so forth. It can accelerate the association work in a reasonable manner. PCs do permit organizations to work a lot quicker. It delivers better nature of items, and activity is progressively basic and dependable. Through the web access now PC can accomplish bunches of work rapidly from wherever where network access is accessible. Innovative work : Before experiencing any item assembling or procedure, usage organizations must need to do inward research and plan their prerequisite. Research should be possible over the web utilizing distinctive programming items, versatile applications. Item pictures can be for all intents and purposes made, and we can alter any subtleties of it (Elliot,1999). Item cost and prerequisite likewise can be handily assessed and altered whenever required. We can make a real physical model by utilizing a 3d printer, even there are situations where counterfeit appendages have been produced by utilizing 3d printer innovation. Deals : Software framework additionally serves to deal your social insurance items online by means of various versatile applications or organization sites. A large portion of the business presently work online which helps in social event more clients. Through site, individuals around the globe can buy their item. IT breaks the time region just as geological outskirts. Hazard Factor brought by IT In the event that any business is worked through IT, at that point there are sure scope of hazard factors which a clients ought to know about. These are of 3 sorts. General IT Threats : General IT framework disappointment - As PCs are working through electric force, so there is an opportunity of disappointment of framework equipment or programming. Malware - There are numerous noxious programming which can disturb the typical PC activity (Daintith,2009). Infections - Sometimes some upsetting PC codes harm the framework which duplicates the code itself and spread it starting with one PC then onto the next. Spam, Scams Phishing - These are some spontaneous email which can trick individuals into uncovering their own subtleties or purchasing deceitful items (Grembergen,2009). Human Error - Sometimes a few issues emerge because of reckless information removal or wrong information handling or contaminated email connections. Criminal IT Threat Programmers - People utilizing some product information illicitly harm the PC framework (Haes,2009), may even take important and classified information. Misrepresentation - Sometimes the private subtleties of the client can be utilized for some other movement or assault for fiscal advantages in unapproved ways. Security Breakdown - It incorporates a private information breakdown just as a money related exchange breakdown. Staff Dishonesty - It shows the abuse of delicate client data. Catastrophic event IT System Fire, violent wind, floods is the greatest danger of IT framework. It can harm both PC equipment and programming. Deal with the Risk Factor We can deal with all the hazard by taking some consideration and recognizing the hazard ahead of time. For this we have to follow some procedure. These are Before introducing any product initially recognize the hazard cautiously. Assess all the hazard consecutively Set up the arrangement of all the hazard. Build up the arrangement for the reaction to all hazard. At long last, audit the administration methodology in a specific stretch. End IT framework is the most imaginative and propelled framework and has made a huge commitment towards restorative research, human services item advancement, and social wellbeing. It is consistently solid and gives the most intelligent approach to do various parts of human services business process. Associations need to go through some sensible expense to execute IT in their business, yet the outcomes are far fulfilling and get achievement in the correct manner. With its assistance, the present human services framework approaches most trend setting innovations as well as gained immense ground in research and social advancement. The eventual fate of human services looks more IT situated and all the more in fact progressed. Glossary Term Definition 3D printer 3 Dimensional Printer BPM Business Process Management BRM Business Reference Model Phishing An endeavor to secure touchy data for noxious reasons PLC Programmable Logic Controller IT IT: Information Technology References Daintith, John, D( 2009), IT A Dictionary of Physics: Oxford University Press. Elliot, D., Swartz, E., Herbane, B., D(1999), Just hanging tight for the following huge explosion: business progression arranging in the UK money part. Diary of Applied Management Studies, Vol. 8, pp. 43-60. Grembergen, Van, Haes, De, Steven Wim, D(2009), Enterprise Governance of IT: Achieving Strategic Alignment and Value, Springer. Haes, De Van, Wim Grembergen, D(2009), Exploring the connection between IT administration practices and business/IT arrangement through outrageous case investigation in Belgian mid-to-huge size budgetary undertakings, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 615-637.

Take Home Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bring Home Exam - Essay Example From a more extensive perspective, the target speculations are efficient, having a specialized foundation. They will probably test proposed contentions so as to make an understood comprehension of realities. They will in general guarantee that validness is introduced in a precise manner. The target sees are exceptional in deciding the undertakings and sureness of the general laws. Evasion of biasness by the scientist is brilliant in the goal hypotheses. They don't join individual perspectives on the specialist in the result of the exploration course. In the beginning of the exploration, the target speculations start with an idea of unsurprising results. These forecasts are the structure squares of the result in the goal hypothesis. They will in general quest for justification of the purposes behind the reactions that happen because of explicit helpers in nature, with the utilization of logical strategies of research that give quantitative examination of information got from reasonabl e study and scientific research. Alternately, interpretative speculations base their contentions and comprehension on correspondence depicting that the truth is a common issue. The language of a network is depicted as the base of authenticity. Whenever sought after further, they tend to lay accentuation on composed language as the beginning stage for the real world. The interpretative hypotheses will in general have a particular point of view that they accept that is the most significant situation for advancing components concerning reality. They will in general have a one-sided approach towards reality. Genuine belief of the specialist is welcome in the result of the discoveries. Each finding is clarified in its own situation. They likewise will in general advance accept that the aim of research is perceptive of the overall circumstance, leaving analysts to consolidate their own belief systems in the examination discoveries. A decent target hypothesis tries to create the last data from the information procured in the exploration just as clarifying the significance of all information showing up on the discoveries. It

Critical Analysis of Plato’s Apology free essay sample

The ‘Apology’ is the protection discourse of Socrates under the steady gaze of the court at a preliminary for his life. He has been blamed for purposely undermining the youthful and of non-faith in the Athenians’ divine beings. It is broadly acknowledged this is a genuine occasion, Socrates was attempted, seen as blameworthy and put to death. What isn't known for certain is the exactness of Plato’s record of his resistance. David Leibowitz reveals to us that the Greek title is questionable and could mean a protection discourse either for or by Socrates. From this it is difficult to perceive if the Apology as we probably am aware it was composed by Plato or Socrates, or if in fact it is Plato’s cautiously altered variant of Socrates real discourse. To comprehend and take the most from the discourse we should overlook the issue of validness. This is in any event the barrier discourse of Plato’s Socrates and there is a lot to be picked up from close perusing of the whole content. To comprehend and take the most from the discourse we should overlook the issue of realness. This is at any rate the guard discourse of Plato’s Socrates and there is a lot to be picked up from close perusing of the whole content. The ‘Apology’ covers various significant subjects and issues that are of high repute to Socrates and pertinent to his resistance. From the beginning he endeavors to show that he isn't blameworthy of these wrongdoings or in any event in the event that he is, it isn't intentional as the charge states and that he ought not be rebuffed yet edified with respect to his missteps (25e-26a). He talks about issues of mischief done to oneself through doing damage to other people, confidence in divine beings and his own celestial charge (21a-21b) among others yet he is, maybe unavoidably, articulated liable. This profession starts the issue of death that turns into a prevailing topic for the remainder of the discourse and the finish of the discourse specifically when he has been denied any elective discipline. In the entry for examination here the primary concerns of conversation are demise as a decent or a malevolent, passing as obliteration or passing as a transmigration of the spirit and quickly, a few issues of equity and mischief. The entry we will be focussing on is 40c-42a, his last words to the jury. As referenced it is ruled by the subject of death yet in addition addresses issues of mischief and equity. This segment opens with a sure affirmation that we are â€Å"quite mixed up in assuming passing to be an evil† (40c). From the outset one could be slanted to think this simply a sentimental conclusion and that he moves maybe to promise himself that passing isn't the most noticeably awful thing to confront. It appears to be anyway to be considerably more than this. He qualifies the announcement so as to leave the audience members in better comprehension of the profound situated convictions from which it comes. For probably the first time, his verification of the issue isn't hard proof as he would normally have it. Socrates, who puts such a great amount of accentuation on knowing, only accepts that demise can't be a terrible thing. He accepts that were it terrible his â€Å"sign† would have dismissed him from this way (40c). Before now his sign has contradicted him at minutes when he would have probably stumbled. It shielded him from botches that would have caused him, others, or his spirit hurt. More than this it restricted him if what he was doing would not have some beneficial outcome (40c). By offering this to us he discloses to us that demise isn't the only one not a terrible thing or even basically an impartial one, it really is great that will bring great impacts. It ought to be noted here anyway that in spite of his valiant endeavors to show up certain about himself in such manner he negates himself later on and shows his human questions. Despite the fact that he says that the juror’s should, similar to him, anticipate their own demises and that the opportunity had arrived when it was better for him by and by to die(41c-41d), at the end of his discourse, as an expression of goodbye, he says â€Å"Well now, the time has come to be off, I to kick the bucket and you to live; which of us has the more joyful possibility is obscure to any yet God. (42a)† These final words subvert the certain statements of the primary section. No doubt he is neither sure if passing is commonly acceptable or on the off chance that it is genuinely the best thing for him as of now. He discloses to us that demise is one of two things, the first is destruction or dreamless rest (40c-40d). Socrates guesses that anybody, private individual or Great King, would have less days or evenings more lovely than a night of dreamless rest. The reference to the Persian King loans accentuation to his hypothesis in that the Persian lords were regularly observed as a worldview of common bliss . On the off chance that even a man, for example, this would incline toward a night of dreamless rest to the majority of his different days then it should doubtlessly be a wonderful thing. Socrates disregards here the issue that this rest would be perpetual, so leaving the sleeper unfit to ever value it in the main manner humanly conceivable, by differentiation to different evenings and days. Another intriguing understanding of the ruler as model is raised by T. G. West. He proposes that the Persian King may like to be snoozing than conscious because of a broken lifestyle. Tarrant discloses to us the King is a worldview of common joy yet West considers him a â€Å"paradigm of somebody who thinks about cash and his body rather than how his spirit will turn into the best and most judicious possible† . In the event that we acknowledge this understanding no doubt Socrates is offering an unobtrusively amusing remark on the benefit of death, that it is only useful for somebody whose life is unsuitable. On the off chance that this is really Socrates’ see, has he unintentionally disclosed to us that his life is unsuitable? On the off chance that so it definitely can't be for indistinguishable reasons from a political man, for example, the ruler who has dismissed the consideration of his spirit. All through the discourse he presents himself as a to some degree sorry figure. In spite of the fact that he couldn't care less for common belongings it is improbable that his destitution is a simple condition of being for him, his decision of way of life and mission to comprehend the prophet additionally prompts the disregard of his family for which maybe there is some blame. Socrates is blamed for strict profanity which from his resistance really doesn't appear to be the situation. It is conceivable then that what has genuinely outraged his informers and decreases an amazing value is Socrates’ disregard of all the more natural issues. Maybe rest is better for this man who is so oppressed and has dismissed those in his charge regardless of what persevering consideration he has taken toward the government assistance of his spirit. Regardless of whether he genuinely intended to portray this passing as something to be thankful for or not he presents it as an end. Any life that is better cut off thusly than proceeded appears to be a ruined one in either case. The second thought of death that Socrates presents is of development of the spirit from the body to some other spot where those that have passed on before will likewise be. This thought of death is all the more effectively acceptable as a positive option in contrast to life and Socrates himself appears to be somewhat more enthused by it. Rather than a conclusion to life it is a continuation of life in somewhere else without the physical body. He advises the jury he is happy to kick the bucket multiple times over if this record of death is the genuine one (41a-41b). It appears as though this passing would nearly be a triumph for him over the men of the court who have denounced and indicted him. He alludes to the men before him as â€Å"so-called jurors† conversely with the â€Å"true jurors† like Minos and Triptolemus who live in the hereafter. He makes reference to saints who have experienced demise by out of line preliminary as he believes he is doing now and says it is diverting to contrast his fortunes and theirs. These shrewd burrows at the members of the jury before him disclose to us something of Socrates contemplations on equity and mischief. On the off chance that he goes now to the organization of these extraordinary men the best damage has been finished by the members of the jury to themselves not to him. To his psyche they will have undermined their spirits with the bad form of his conviction and execution. The passing won't hurt him as his spirit and inner voice are spotless yet there is a feeling that the â€Å"so-called jurors† won't be invited by the dead legends as he will be, saints who might not rebuff his philosophical enquiry as they have done. There is anyway further self-logical inconsistency to this thought, prior in the content Socrates claimed to have no information on what comes in Hades after death, West discloses to us that Socrates doesn't accept the spirit can exist outside of the body, and Socrates debilitates the feeling of conviction purchase multiple times expressing â€Å"as we are told† comparable to his record of post-existence . So not the only one does it give the idea that Socrates doesn't generally have the foggiest idea whether this will all be the situation, it would appear his faith in it is temperamental, best case scenario. As of now referenced Socrates proposes that the legal hearers do themselves more damage by their vindictiveness and bad form than they do him. He accepts that no damage can come upon a decent man in decisive and that the divine beings care about the fortunes of such a man (41c-41d). Socrates shows no disdain of the men who have carried him to his demise since he trusts it is the ideal opportunity for him to kick the bucket and be discharged from his interruptions. He does anyway say that they are chargeable of sick aims as it isn't therefore or his advantage that they need him dead. Maybe due to the absence of equity he believes he has been indicated he offers the jury another approach to do equity to him and his family. The kindness is irregular as he requests that the men do to his youngsters precisely what he is being rebuffed for doing to them. It is one final method of demonstrating the court the quality of his conviction in the ideals of his own activities and convictions. Regardless of the end it has brought him it is the heritage he wishes to leave to his youngsters and the main equity he would now be able to have on account of the court, which would, basically, expect them to see the mistake of their present judgment. These final expressions of Socrates’ resistance are maybe the most strong of the ‘Apologyâ?

How Individual Therapy Works

How Individual Therapy Works Phobias Treatment Print How Individual Therapy Works Psychoanalysis and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on February 23, 2020 Blend Images - Ned Frisk/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Individual therapy is a form of therapy in which the client is treated on a one-on-one basis with a therapist. The most popular form of therapy, individual therapy may encompass many different treatment styles including psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Individual therapy allows the therapist and client to focus on each other, building a rapport and working together to solve the clients issue. However, psychoanalysis and related therapies may progress for months or even years, while brief therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy can produce results in just a few sessions. What Is Psychoanalytic Treatment? Psychoanalytic treatment involves exploring the organization of the personality and reorganizing it in a way that addresses deep conflicts and defenses. According to the principles of psychoanalysis, curing a phobia is only possible by identifying and solving the initial conflict. Psychoanalysis is the form of therapy often seen in old movies where a client lies on a couch with the psychoanalyst seated near his or her head. The psychoanalyst does not inject his or her own opinions  but allows the client to transfer feelings onto the analyst. Psychoanalysis is not as popular today as it was a few decades ago, but is still a treatment used to address deep seated personality issues. The process is generally lengthy, often lasting for many years. It also tends to be expensive, as analysts must undergo extensive training after their regular psychiatry or psychology training is complete. What Is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, enables you to manage your fears by helping you gradually change the way you think. Its based on the interconnectedness of thoughts, beliefs, feelings,  and behaviors. A phobia sufferer believes that the feared situation is inherently dangerous. This belief leads to negative automatic thoughts that occur as soon as the feared situation is encountered and the automatic thoughts lead to a phobic behavioral reaction. It may take several CBT sessions to counteract this thought pattern. In order to accomplish this, the therapist can help you overcome your fear with incremental steps. Techniques commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy draw from the schools of behaviorism and learning theory as well as the school of cognitive theory. Group Therapy for Phobias The alternative to individual treatment is group therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a common type of group therapy. CBT sessions for phobias may call the therapy session a seminar. The duration may be one hour or several days. A group of people with a fear of flying, for example, may assemble at an airport hotel for the weekend, where they might engage in a combination of psychoeducational classes and exposure sessions inside the airport. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How Individual Therapy Works

How Individual Therapy Works Phobias Treatment Print How Individual Therapy Works Psychoanalysis and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on February 23, 2020 Blend Images - Ned Frisk/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Individual therapy is a form of therapy in which the client is treated on a one-on-one basis with a therapist. The most popular form of therapy, individual therapy may encompass many different treatment styles including psychoanalysis and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Individual therapy allows the therapist and client to focus on each other, building a rapport and working together to solve the clients issue. However, psychoanalysis and related therapies may progress for months or even years, while brief therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy can produce results in just a few sessions. What Is Psychoanalytic Treatment? Psychoanalytic treatment involves exploring the organization of the personality and reorganizing it in a way that addresses deep conflicts and defenses. According to the principles of psychoanalysis, curing a phobia is only possible by identifying and solving the initial conflict. Psychoanalysis is the form of therapy often seen in old movies where a client lies on a couch with the psychoanalyst seated near his or her head. The psychoanalyst does not inject his or her own opinions  but allows the client to transfer feelings onto the analyst. Psychoanalysis is not as popular today as it was a few decades ago, but is still a treatment used to address deep seated personality issues. The process is generally lengthy, often lasting for many years. It also tends to be expensive, as analysts must undergo extensive training after their regular psychiatry or psychology training is complete. What Is Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy? Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, enables you to manage your fears by helping you gradually change the way you think. Its based on the interconnectedness of thoughts, beliefs, feelings,  and behaviors. A phobia sufferer believes that the feared situation is inherently dangerous. This belief leads to negative automatic thoughts that occur as soon as the feared situation is encountered and the automatic thoughts lead to a phobic behavioral reaction. It may take several CBT sessions to counteract this thought pattern. In order to accomplish this, the therapist can help you overcome your fear with incremental steps. Techniques commonly used in cognitive-behavioral therapy draw from the schools of behaviorism and learning theory as well as the school of cognitive theory. Group Therapy for Phobias The alternative to individual treatment is group therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a common type of group therapy. CBT sessions for phobias may call the therapy session a seminar. The duration may be one hour or several days. A group of people with a fear of flying, for example, may assemble at an airport hotel for the weekend, where they might engage in a combination of psychoeducational classes and exposure sessions inside the airport. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

How to Get Involved in a G.O.P Healthcare System

Two months ago, I wrote a blog post on the importance of pre-health students getting involved in political advocacy and offered several different ideas for how pre-health organizations could generate momentum around campus, whether through phone banking, op-eds, or a town hall. Now, an alternative to the Affordable Care Act (called the American Health Care Act) has been proposed--and cleared two House committees this week--and the time for healthcare advocacy is even more urgent. First, though, what’s at stake? ACHA maintains some popular provisions of the ACA, such as allowing children to stay on their parents’ insurance up to age 26 and preventing discrimination based on pre-existing conditions. ACHA eliminates the individual mandate, which is the linchpin of the ACA (and of insurance as a concept). Medicaid expansion is maintained through Jan 1, 2020, at which point states will stop enrolling new beneficiaries. It prohibits any direct federal reimbursements, specifically through Medicaid, for clinics that provide abortions for anything other than the life of the mother, incest, or rape. Of note, the Hyde Amendment (passed in 1976) already prohibits the use of federal funds for abortions, but this provision of ACHA would mean that organizations like Planned Parenthood could lose all funding and provider reimbursements for preventive and primary care. 80% of the funding for programs and education that reduce heart disease would be eliminated, and 100% of the money that the CDC uses to help hospitals reduce infections would be eliminated. The plan offers tax breaks to insurance companies that pay their CEOs more than $500,000 per year. Bottom line: Estimates differ but indicate that at least 15 million people will lose their health care. All of these provisions could not be more important to you as a future health care professional--and in fact, may inspire you to consider a career in policy in addition to medicine. These policies are the macro-level gears that determine our patients’ access to health care and more often than we might like to admit, their health outcomes. What can you do right now, as an individual or a pre-health organization on campus? Network: connect with on-going advocacy efforts in your area. #ProtectOurPatients is a national movement of future health care professionals around the country, and they send out excellent biweekly e-mail updates with concise news and action items. Indivisible allows you to search for community action events by zip code. Organize phone banking (incentivize with baked goods perhaps!) 5calls is a website that pulls up your senators and representatives’ phone numbers and provides you with a pre-written script. Consider writing an op-ed for your local campus or city newspaper. This tool has useful statistics on how repeal of the ACA could affect your state. I hope you’ll see this not as a time to despair and be distracted by organic chemistry (which is certainly easy enough to do!), but as an opportunity to dive into the unknown and practice organizing with fellow pre-health students and community members. This is the challenge that lies ahead in a career in the health professions: how to provide excellent individual patient care while also speaking up for the policies and large-scale systems designs that best serve the population of patients as a whole. Again, please reach out to me with any questions or thoughts at Anna_Morenz@hms.harvard.edu. Are you interested in working with an MD like Anna on your MD plans? ; Want to read more published by Anna? Check out some of her previous posts below:

Comme dhabitude - French Expression

Expression: Comme dhabitude Pronunciation: [kum dah bee tood] Meaning: as usual Register: normal Notes The French expression comme dhabitude, informally apocoped to comme dhab, means as usual, as when talking about something that regularly or typically happens. Examples      Charlot a oublià © de faire ses devoirs, comme dhabitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlot forgot to do his homework, as usual.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Comme dhabitude, Marc est parti sans fermer la porte.   Ã‚  Ã‚  As usual, Marc left without closing the door.      Ã‚  Ã‚   -Ça va, Élise ? Pas trop de boulot ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Comme dhab !   Ã‚  Ã‚  -Hows it going, Élise? Not too much work?   Ã‚  Ã‚  -The usual! More Expressions with commeMost common French phrases

Is Anyone Exempt from the Influences of Advertising

Many people would argue that they personally feel exempt from the influences of advertising. But if this is the case, then why is the advertising industry grossing over $250 billion a year? The American living in the United States is typically exposed to over 3,00 advertisements in a single day, which means that he or she will spend two years of their lives watching television commercials. Advertisements are everywhere and we cannot avoid them. We see advertisements in schools, buildings, billboards, airplanes, bust stops, and so on. Not only are advertisements selling advertisements, but they’re selling values and beliefs, sexuality, images, and the normalcy of believing who we should be because an advertisement said so. Advertisements can create environments, but sometimes these environments can become toxic when consumers buy into its toxicity. One of the biggest toxicities of advertisements is the portrayal of women in advertisements. Though standards of beauty vary over t ime and by cultures, it seems as though the advertising industry is still buying into â€Å"the beauty myth.† This is notion that â€Å"the quality of beauty objectively and universally exists.† Though there have been strides to break this notion and attack how advertising has objectified women, it seems as though advertisements are objectifying women more and more. In most advertisements, we are not seeing women being depicted as who they really are, but being portrayed and objectified to be someone that theyShow MoreRelatedThe Hatch Act of 1939 Essays1020 Words   |  5 Pagesfollowing several big corruption cases involving the burgeoning post-New Deal bureaucracy, and was aimed at the civil service. But by its terms, it applies to almost anyone on the U.S. government payroll. Only the president, vice president, and appointees requiring Senate confirmation (such as Cabinet secretaries) are exempt. The original Hatch Act forbade government employees to raise funds, give partisan public speeches, or volunteer for any candidate or party. Among its provisions, Read MoreThe Political Power of Social Media2727 Words   |  11 Pagesscience behind it, the motivations, and the manner in which two or more individuals not only converse, but interact (Miller). If we think logically, then we can understand how a political effort rulers and followers, would engender others to try to influence outcomes that would be most beneficial: the military has a view, certain citizens might be builders and want projects, others might want trade agreements, still others might vie to their products. These influencers are part of politics whisperesRead MoreBill C 36 : Protection Of Communities And Exploited Persons Act2523 Words   |  11 PagesBill C-36, the importance of decriminalizing prostitution and insight into the ways that I intend to influence it as a social worker. 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Essay Comparing the Three Statues of David - 955 Words

Comparing the Three Statues of David The pieces of art I will be comparing and contrasting are the three statues of David, by Donatello (Donato di Niccolà ² di Betto Bardi), Michelangelo (Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni), and Bernini (Gian Lorenzo Bernini). The statues are modeled after the biblical David, who was destined to become the second king of Israel. Also most famously known as the slayer of the Philistine giant Goliath with a stone and a sling. The sculptures are all based on the same biblical hero, but differ from one another. Each David is unique in its own certain way. A good deal is known about Donatellos life and career, but little is known about his character. Donatello was born in Florence, Italy in 1386†¦show more content†¦After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side. It seems almost impossible that such a young boy as David could have accomplished such a task. The look portrayed on David himself too seems doubtful of the deed, as he glances down towards Goliath?s head at his feet. Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany and died February 18th, 1564. The second sculpture is of Michelangelo?s David, 1501-1504. Its material is marble, it stands 13 5 and is currently located at the Galleria dellAccademia, Florence. Michelangelos David is based on the artistic discipline of disegno. It is said that under this discipline, sculpture is considered to be the finest form of art because of how it mimics divine creation. Michelangelo worked under the premise that the image of David was already in the block of marble he was working on, in much the same way that the human soul is thought to be found within the physical body (Michelangelos David). Unlike the David of Donatello, Michelangelos David is not shown after conquering his enemy. Instead, he is portrayed as an extremely athletic and manly character; the sculpture even depicts a worried look cast upon David?s face and the carved marble veins seem to pulse with anticipation as he contemplates the upcoming fight. Cast over David?s shoulder is his sling, and the stone isShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of David1112 Words   |  4 Pagesevolution of David. The most famous David sculptures come from the well-known and talented artists of Michelangelo and Bernini. There have been many David sculptures created throughout time, by such artist as Donatello and Verrocchio, but these works have eclipsed most other works to become sensations that will live forever. Michelangelo’s sculpture of David was created in 1504 during the Renaissance Era. It was commissioned for the Florence Cathedral but eventually replaced Donatello’s David in frontRead MoreShooting Stars - Carol Ann Duffy Essay1122 Words   |  5 PagesShooting Stars is a very effective and ambiguous title. The first meaning is that the word Stars represent the Jewish symbol, The Star of David. Jewish people were forced to wear them on their clothes to mark them out as targets of abuse and torment for Nazis. Another possible meaning of the title is metaphorically symbolising a literal shooting star and comparing it to the life of the Jewish prisoners. The Jews life is similar to the shooting star in the way that their life and potential was brightRead MoreDo A Work Of Fine Art?1157 Words   |  5 Pages(â€Å"Appropriation†). However, when comparing Warhol’s art to that of Vincent Van Gogh’s, the boundary between pop culture and fine art becomes mo re distinct. Although Andy’s Campbell’s Soup Cans and Vincent’s Irises both demonstrate each artist’s expertise, Vincent’s art is considered fine art, whereas Warhol’s is viewed as pop art. Just as with two-dimensional art, there is a stark contrast between fine art photography and pop culture photography. 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David Ricardo took this idea one step further in introducing his idea of comparative advantage which stated that each country has an abundance or scarcity of either land, labor or capital. If a country has an abundance of one and a scarcity of another

Human Resource Management ( Hr ) - 1499 Words

Human Resource Management (HR) is a function in an organisation aimed at maximizing employee performance in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. The primary focus of HR is concentrated upon the management of employees, and on the policies and systems within and outside the organisation. (Boxall Purcell, 2011). â€Å"Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) aims to align the functions and processes of HR with the strategic aims and objectives and competitive advantage of an organisation.† (Hartel, Fujimoto, Strybosch Fitzpatrick, 2006). After all, the key characteristic of HR is ‘integration.’ The role of HR and HR Professionals can be linked to four main SHRM theories, namely: Jackson Schuler (1995), Kochan Barocci (1985), Klatt, Murdich Schuster (1978) and Lundy Cowling (1996). According to Jackson Schuler’s theory; â€Å"a variety of macro-level environmental characteristics influence the adoption of particular organisational HR practices, policies and philosophies.† (Hartel et al., 2006). Therefore macro-level environmental factors such as: laws and regulations, politics and culture all need to be considered by the HR department or HR Professionals as these factors will ultimately influence the organisation’s performance and overall success. Jackson and Schuler’s model indicates how aspects such as the organisation’s size, structure, strategy, technology and life cycle stage determine what and how information is interpreted, howShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hr )1550 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HR) acts to serve a function which is aimed at maximizing the overall performance of a business and its employees in relation to the employer s set standards and strategic objectives. 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Human Resource Management (HRM) can be defined as â€Å"a strategic, integrated and coherent approach to the employment, development and well-being of the people working in organizations† (Armstrong, 2014, p.5). HR professionals’ works are regarded as emp loyee training, recruitment, personnel administrative, reward management, service delivery, and organizational performanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Hr Department955 Words   |  4 PagesHuman resource management is the key to a business that runs smoothly and efficiently. The people that run the HR department have to be knowledgeable in many capacities such as interviewing, training, accounting, and ensuring that everyone is performing their job duties in a high quality way. Recruitment of personnel is one of the main things that most think of when they hear human resource management. You can be guaranteed that anyone earning a paycheck in the building has gone through theRead MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 PagesHR in the 21st century Introduction: As the business world journeyed into the 21st century, the traditional ways of handling many business aspects slowly drifted away. This â€Å"turn-of-the-century† brought a whole new way of how businesses operate and the departments within. These new ways of the business include the prominence of technology, the ongoing fight for diversity in the workplace, and expansion on globalization. Because these changes also effect the employees within the workplace, thisRead MoreThe Hr Management : The Job Of Human Resource Management1146 Words   |  5 Pages1a.Personnel management is an administrative function of an organization that exists to provide the personnel needed for organizational activities and to manage the general employee-employer relationship Human resource management; The job of human resource management is to ensure that the organization has the human capital it needs to accomplish its goals. (Account management, 2009) KPMG; HR management 1.They make available the required training development any staff need right from recruitment 2Read MoreHr Philosophy : Human Resource Management2225 Words   |  9 PagesHR Management Philosophy â€Å"Human Resource Management is a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer’s strategic objectives.† (HR Course Book (1)) Thus, â€Å"HR philosophy is basically the guiding principle behind how your HR function executes on its vision, mission and goals.† (Wikipedia) It is inclusive of recruiting, interviewing, job offering or hiring, benefits, training, retention, policy and procedures, and promotions of it’s human capitalRead MoreHr Issues : Human Resource And Senior Management2851 Words   |  12 PagesHR issues have been common in many organizations. Productivity is one of the recent issues that a certain organization is facing. The level of production matters a lot in all organizations (Eden, 2015). This is the main aspect that an organization focuses and aims to achieve in its daily operations. The organization has met challenges as it tries to sustain its performance. Productivity managem ent involves the process of monitoring and developing activities in an organization to ensure that thereRead MoreHuman Resources Department Is Responsible For Performing Hr Management Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe human-resources department is responsible for performing HR management. This includes overseeing numerous aspects of employment, such as compliance with labor laws, employee benefits, recruitment and retention just to name a few. According to APHSA (2016), there are four primary functions for which HR is responsible: Executing HR Administrative Functions; Developing Talent; Influencing Culture; and Influencing Direction. By executing HR admin functions the department; builds trust with administration

Novartis s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility

Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Ben Lawton, Erin Shull Sean Avjian, Zain Ali Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for MGMT 170 Managerial Communication taught by Professor Cheryl Amantea in the Fall Semester Novartis’s Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measure of a business’s impacts on society, both positive and negative. Pharmaceutical companies in particular are held to a high ethical standard by the public due to the nature of their products. Novartis, the third largest drug and biotech company in the world, aspires to be a model of ethics and philanthropy in the industry. The company uses its size and global prominence to set a high CSR standard for all businesses. This paper examines some of Novartis’s most recent projects that contribute to the company’s respected reputation, but also investigates lawsuits against Novartis and shortcomings with its transparency, both of which the administration continually fails to address. Recent Philanthropic Initiatives Novartis has increased its budget for charitable healthcare over the last few years. The company developed entire departments to oversee charity projects, raise awareness of diseases, and increase accessibility to its products. These projects focus on providing both preventative and treatment-based healthcare to low-income populations. WorkShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1226 Words   |  5 PagesNovartis’ Transparency Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Introduction to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Consumers all over the world are pressuring companies to become more socially responsible. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a measurement of a business’ impacts on society, both positive and negative. Pharmaceutical companies in particular are held to a high ethical standard by the public due to the nature of their product. Novartis, one of the largest healthcare and pharmaceuticalRead MoreJohnson Johnson Financial Analysis4755 Words   |  20 Pagesincludes the Johnsons baby care line, the Neutrogena skin and hair care line, o.b. and Stayfree feminine hygiene products, the Reach oral care line, Band-Aid brand adhesive bandages, Imodium A-D diarrhea treatment, Mylanta gastrointestinal product s, Pepcid AC acid controller, Tylenol, Motrin, and St. Joseph pain relievers, and Benecol and Splenda sweeteners. Jamp;J generates about 40 percent of its revenues outside the United States, through its network of 200 operating companies in 57 countriesRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 PagesNielsen MA in Corporate Communication Ã…rhus, Denmark. 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Rank 2008 Company Country Total Revenues(USD millions) Healthcare RD 2006(USD millions) Net income/ (loss) 2006(USD millions) Employees 2006 1 Novartis Switzerland 53,324 7,125 11,053 138,000 2 Pfizer USA 48,371 7,599 19,337 122,200 3 Bayer Germany 44,200 1,791 6,450 106,200 4 GlaxoSmithKline United Kingdom 42,813 6,373 10,135 106,000 5 Johnson and Johnson USA 37,020 5,349 7,202 102,695 Read MoreJohnson and Johnson Analysis9749 Words   |  39 Pagessegment reported an increase in sales from 2008. This segment increased its sales by 1.9 percent from 2008’s figures to $23.6B. The Pharmaceuticals segment reported sales of $22.5B (down 8.3 percent), while the Consumer Products segment reported sales of $15.8B (down 1.6 percent) (JNJ 2009 Annual Report). Only the Medical Devices and Diagnostics US sales showed any increase from 2008’s sales levels. 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Many big Pharma companies have responded to the current business climate by engaging in a variety of strategies aimed at paving the way for future success. Examples of this are, Merck s recent merger with Schering Plough, a move aimed at consolidation based on perceived pipeline synergies, the Pfizer buyout of Wyeth and Roche s acquisition of Genentech. 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They lack context and differenc flexibility and engagement. They often miss the bigger opportunities, andRead MoreMarketing Project of Reckitt Benckiser19403 Words   |  78 PagesBusiness Week 50, the magazines annual ranking of the best performing companies within the Samp;P European 350.The companys strategy is to have a highly focused portfolio concentrating on its 17 most profitable brands, which were responsible for 62% of net revenues in 2008. 35% of net revenues come from products launched in the past three years, this focus on innovation was recognized by The Economist Corporate Use of Innovation Award in 2009.The company held Platinum status in 2005, 2006, 2007 and

Contract Law Legally Enforceable

Question: Discuss about the case study Contract Law for Legally Enforceable. Answer: Introduction: The issue in this case is if the promise made by Jane to give her car to Jack is legally enforceable in view of the fact that consideration is not present to support the promise made by Jane. In this way, the present issue deals with the role of consideration under the contract law. The contract law as prescribed that offer, acceptance and consideration are the essential elements that should be present in case of a legally enforceable contract. According to the contract law, a contract is considered as valid and enforceable by the law only if the above mentioned elements are present (Atiyah, 1990). According to the law, each party should provide consideration for the promise that has been received by it under the contract. In the same way, the law provides that past consideration is not a valid consideration (Re McArdle, 1951). Therefore, consideration can be described as anything of value. Due to this reason, it is required that consideration should be something real and illusionary consideration is not valid (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). In this case, Jane had promised to give his car to Jack at the offer was accepted by Jack. But in return, Jack has not made a promise to pay any price for the car or in other words there is no consideration. But in this regard, according to the law of contract, a contract can be legally enforced only if consideration is present to support such a promise. In the present case, Jack has not given any consideration in return of the promise made by Jane to give his Lotus super sports car. Therefore it can be said that Jack does not have an enforceable agreement in this case. The issue in this question is if the elements of a valid contract are present when Jack accepted the offer to purchase the Lotus super sports car from Jane at a price of $25,000. As mentioned above, there are certain elements that should be present in an agreement to make it to legally enforceable contract. These elements include offer, acceptance and consideration. Apart from it, it is also require that the party should have the intention of entering into a legal relationship and in the same way, they should also have the capacity to create a valid contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Therefore when an offer made by one party to the contract is accepted by the other party, in return of a valid consideration, it is said that a legal contract has been created between the parties (White v Bluett, 1853). In the present case, Jane had made an offer to sell his Lotus super sports car for $25,000 to Jack. The market value of the card is also around $25,000. Therefore this offer is accepted by Jack and he agrees to pay $25,000 for the car to Jane. Under these circumstances, it is clear that the essential elements that are necessary for creating legally enforceable contract are present in this case and as a result, Jack has legally enforceable contract. In this case, Jack can enforce the contract against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the adequacy of consideration. Jane had made an offer to sell her Lotus Super 7 sports car at a price of $2500 while in reality; the market price of the car was around $25,000. The offer was accepted by Jack and as a result, an issue arises in this contract is enforceable by Jack. The relevant rule of law related with the adequacy of consideration provides that the validity of contract does not depend on the adequacy of consideration. The only requirement is that considered it should be something of value in the eyes of law (Beale, (ed) 2002). According to the law contract, it is not necessary that the benefit that has been conferred on the other party or the detriment suffered by the promisee in return of the promised should be equal to their responsibility that has been assumed by the promisor. In other words, it can be said that it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate. As a result, any real consideration, also a small it may be, is sufficient for supporting a promise made by the other party. In Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd (1959), the court reiterated the doctrine of the contract law according to which the consideration is required to be sufficient but it is not necessary that it should also be adequate. In the present case, Jane had offered to sell the car at $2500 while in reality the market price of the car was around $25,000. But by applying the principle that the consideration should be sufficient and it is not necessary that the consideration should be adequate, it can be said that when the offer made by Jane was accepted by Jack, and the enforceable contract has been created between the parties. Therefore in this case, Jack can enforce this promise against Jane. The issue in this case is related with the impossibility of the promise made by the fires according to which they had agreed to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilders in case the shipbuilders completed the tanker on time. It was particularly important for the buyer that the bank that should be completed on time as they already had a charter for the tanker. According to the traditional position under the contract law, it has been provided that a promise can be considered as enforceable only if he has been supported by consideration (Atiyah, 2000). This is particularly the case in Stilk v Myrick (1809) where the ship's Master had made a promise to the crew that the wages of the two deserters will be distributed among the rest of the members of the crew who had remained on the ship. However when the crew tried to enforce this promise, it was stated by the court that this promise was not enforceable due to the reason that any consideration has not been provided by the members of the group for the promise made by the captain. The court stated that the members of the crew were already under a contract complete the voyage. Similarly the position adopted by the court in this case also appears to have been applied in the case is related with partial payment in the full satisfaction of the debt. By example in Pinnel's case (1602), the defendant had not provided any consideration return of the promise made by the plaintiff not to sue on the partial payment accepted by it. However, the situation was significantly changed by the decision given Williams v Roffey (1990). In this case, Roffey had entered into a contract with Williams for doing some carpentry work. The parties agreed that the price will be 20,000 for the carpentry work. However, after some time, Williams found themselves in financial difficulties. On the other hand, Roffey were concerned that if the work was not completed on time, they may be held liable under the penalty clause that was present in the main building contract with a third-party. Therefore, they made a promise to pay an extra amount to Williams for every flat that was completed on time. But later on, Roffey decided against paying this extra amount. The plaintiff sued them for the extra money promised by them. It was argued by the defendant that Williams had only done what they were already bound to do under the contract by completing the work on time. However the decision of the court in this case was that the defendant, Roff ey was found by the promise to pay extra money on the completion of the work on time. The court further stated that they require consideration has been provided by Williams in this case As Roffey had achieved a practical benefit in the form of avoiding the penalty and also by avoiding the need for finding a new sub-contractor. In this way, it was stated by the court that the promise for paying the extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable and as a result, the amount can be legally recovered by the other party. Under these circumstances, a rule of the contract law has been developed according to which the promise of paying extra amount if the work was completed on time was legally enforceable if the party that had made the promise of paying the extra amount was going to attain any advantage or avoid any laws as a result of the completion of the work on time. In the same way, in such a case it is also required that the promise for paying the extra money should not be the result of any economic duress or fraud and therefore in such a case, the benefit that the party making the promise is going to receive as a result of the word being completed on time could act as a good consideration for this promise. When the above-mentioned rules of contract law are applied to the facts of this case, it can be said that in this case also the buyer has made a promise according to which they were going to pay extra amount to the shipbuilder so that the work of making the tanker can be completed on time as the shipbuilder was set to suffer the loss as a result of the devaluation of the US currency by the government. Under these circumstances, the shipbuilder asked for the payment of extra US $3 million otherwise they will stop the work. Under these circumstances, the buyer reluctantly agreed to pay the extra amount. The reason was that the buyer already had the charter for the tanker and therefore it was very important that the tanker was delivered on time. On these grounds, in the present case, it can be said that the promise made by the buyer to pay extra US $3 million to the shipbuilder was legally enforceable if such promise was not made as a result of the economic duress on part of the shipbuilder. As in this case, the buyer was going to achieve an end wanted by the completion of the ship on time, it can be said that the promise of paying the extra amount was legally enforceable. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Atiyah, P.S. 2000 An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Beale, H., (ed) 2002 Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law (Hart Beatson, J. Burrows A. and Cartwright, J. 2010 Anson's Law of Contract, 29th edn OUP Chappell v Nestle [1960] AC 87 Pinnel's Case [1602] 5 Co. Rep. 117 Re McArdle (1951) Ch 669 Re Wragg Ltd [1897] 1 Ch 796 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Thomas v Thomas) (1842) 2 QB 85 White v Bluett (1853) 2 WR 75 Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990) 1 All ER 512

The impact of Leadership

Question: Write an essay on The impact of leadership. Answer: Introduction The impact of leadership for running an organization successfully is the primary concern of this particular study. An ideal leader is the primary spine of an organization that has to lead a team successfully for providing effective services to the customers. A company can face a disastrous consequence due to the inefficiency of a leader within an organization. This particular study has provided a detailed case scenario about Enron. Established in the year 1986, Enron had expanded their widespread wings as a natural gas pipeline company. In the third quarter of 2001, the CEO of this company, Jeff Skilling had to face a disastrous consequence as Enron had been tagged as a failed business. Therefore, this specific study has primarily focused how leadership plays a major role in order to build the organizational culture as well as behavior. In addition, this study has also focused to highlight why the leaders of an organization like Enron should maintain ethical practices and appropriate leadership theories to lead the organizational team. In the middle of 2001, Enron had to face immense challenges to maintain appropriate leadership style at the workplace. As a result, the shareholders of Enron showed their reluctance to use the service of this company. In the mean time, Jeff Skilling resigned from the post of chief executive officer due to the personal reason (Avolio Yammarino 2013). After the departure of Skilling, the scenario has been changed to some extent. Ken Lay had been appointed for the post of CEO. As per his point of view, the companys share plays a major role for rendering the success of a business. In order to enhance the share of the company, the leaders of this organization should maintain some necessary ethical codes and practices. In this regard, the implementation of appropriate leadership style and theory is highly important. This particular case study has not provided detailed information what leadership theory this specific organization likes to follow (Carter, Ulrich Goldsmith, 2012). However, as per the opinion of newly appointed CEO Ken Lay, the organization should follow some of the important leadership theories such as motivational theory, behavioral theory, trait theory and so many. Motivational theory believes that leaders are responsible for motivating the employees to provide best services to the customers. Employees should get the scope to express their views regarding any particular business. For the achievement of the business organization, the employee should get rewards that can motivate them to put more effort for the success of a business. In this case study, it has been observed that Jeff Skilling did not intend to maintain motivational theory the workplace. The relation in between the employers and the stakeholders were very professional and straightforward. The behavioral approach of a leader inside the organization should be positive so that employees do not have to hesitate to share any problem regarding the job profile. As per Enron case study, it has been observed that integrity, respect and the communication are the major pathways to build a good co-ordination with the stakeholders (Chhokar, Brodbeck House 2013). As per the behavioral theory, people of various culture and attitude should get respect and dignity at the workplace. Employees deserve every right to protest against any disrespectful treatment towards them. Communication would be effective only when the leaders would like to show their participative outlook to the workers. Their co-operation and their helpful attitude towards the workers would definitely bring the success of a company. In case of Enron, it has been observed that Skilling intended to transfer the energy to California for creating blackouts. As a result, the price of electricity had been increased gradually. Employees had to face innumerable difficulties to face the regional stakeholder. Skilling as a CEO stated in this occasion that his responsibility as a chief officer is to increase the entire process of business. Therefore, by keeping the stock price up, the company would be able to plan about more profit making (Cummings Worley 2014). However, it is undeniable that Skilling has not properly justified the code of ethics and leadership theory in this case. The success of a business is highly dependent on the performance of an employee. Therefore, the transformation of energy to California at higher price has not been accepted by most of the existing employees of Enron. Consequently, a long communication gap took place in between the CEO and the employees. After the entrance of Ken Lay, the scenario of Enron has changed to some extent. Maintaining integrity, effective communication, positive behavior at the workplace had been given priority. However, Dimmock (2013) stated that the implementation of leadership theory within an organization is undeniable. Organizational culture and behavior is the way how people like to interact and communicate in between each other inside the organization regarding the business goal. This particular part has focused to discuss on the different ways how leadership can influence culture. When Ken Lay and his company had to face immense struggle to keep the reputation of the organization, many of their contemporary traders intended to laugh at them. Therefore, this particular time was the toughest part of leadership for Ken Lay (Johnston, 2012). Amidst the gossips and rumors thrown by the contemporaries, Ken Lay had to fight there by surviving in the business industry. However, it is undeniable that organizational culture and ethics is highly dependent on the leadership style. The ways that leadership plays a big role for influencing the organizational culture are as follows: Providing rewards and enforcements: Employees need to get motivation and support at every step for their service process. Reward, appraisal and the enforcement are the major ways for appreciating the performance of employees. If a team within an organization succeeds to reach the business target, the leaders should take the responsibility to reward the team so that they get enthusiasm to put more effort and labor for achieving the business success. In case of Enron, employees used to get bonus and incentive after reaching the business success. At the time of Skilling, this particular policy had not been implemented. Ken Lay had decided to implement the rule from rescuing the team from being demolished (Jonason, Slomski Partyka 2012). It had been observed in Enron that the new employees had replaced lowest performers. This de-motivational factor also hampers highly in performance of employees. Leaders should always rectify the mistakes of underperformers. Replacement can never be the best option to render success in a business. The leaders of Enron should definitely take care of this fact. Using participative leadership at the workplace Participative leadership implies that both the employers and the employees within an organization should have equal participation to achieve the success of a business. By following participative leadership style, leaders do not intend to impose their decision on the employees. Employees get the opportunity to expose their views regarding the betterment of business process. As a result, the employees get motivated to maintain the organizational culture and values (Moore et al. 2012). In case of Enron, it has been observed that the board of director liked to follow autocratic leadership style instead of participative. Consequently, employees felt least interest to maintain the organizational culture, ethics and values. Personality of the leaders and their way of interacting with the employees Organizational culture is highly influenced on the personality of a leader inside the organization. After appointing in the post of CEO Ken Lay had shown a strong personality to maintain the organizational culture and discipline. After the resignation of Skilling, Lay had strongly emphasized on the integrity, communication and respect (Pendse, 2012). As per his point of view, integrity inside the organization can be maintained only when people would like to show their respect towards each other. The personality of Lay truly drew the attention of Enron employees based on which they intended to maintain organizational discipline. Communication process: Leaders should always maintain an effective communication with the employees. By maintaining a strong communication, leaders can come to know various problems regarding the job. Besides, effective communication helps the organization to take collective decision at the right time (Piff et al. 2012). In an occasion, Lay had stated that communication is one of the major ways to maintain organizational culture. Unfortunately, as per the actual scenario, it has been observed that the interpersonal communication among the members of Enron was not very strong. Unethical behavior ultimately causes a disastrous consequence within the business organization. Leaders therefore, have to play a major role in order to avoid such kind of unethical practices inside at the workplace (Von Krogh, Nonaka Rechsteiner 2012). Enron is not exceptional to that. This particular organization should also follow some of the major ways to avoid unethical behavior within the organization. These are as follows: Maintaining regulations at the workplace: Business organizations should follow some of the major acts and regulations at the workplace. The regulations and acts that should be followed at the workplace include data protection act, right to information act, health and safety act and so on. Both the employers and the employees have the equal right to utilize these regulations and act. If employers intend to treat the employees recklessly, this individual employee can take an immediate legal step against the employer (Robbins et al. 2013). As a result, this particular employer would like to think twice before conducting any misbehavior. Therefore, it is undeniable that regulations and acts are highly able to prevent unethical behavior at the workplace. Appreciating the performance of the employees In case of maximum business organization, it has been observed that the managers do not intend to appreciate the efforts and labor of the employees. As a result, employees tend to show their reluctance to provide good service to the customers. Due to the lack of appreciation, employees intend to perform reluctantly. They like to show objectionable gesture towards the seniors. Ultimately, it affects to maintain a systematic environment inside the organization. Enron under the leadership of Skilling had faced this kind of situation repeatedly. Providing training and guidance how to maintain ethics and values within an organization: In order to maintain organizational ethics and culture inside the workplace, employees should get an effective training and guidance how to maintain organizational culture. Training helps to enhance the skill and competency of an employee (Robbins et al. 2013). It gathers experience as well. With the help of an effective training process, employees would be able to know about the value and importance of maintaining organizational culture. The employees of Enron did not receive any training regarding this particular matter (Tannenbaum Weschler Massarik 2013). As a result, employees do not understand properly about the importance of culture and value. This is one of the biggest reasons for such a disastrous consequence of Enron. Creating a code of conduct: Code of conduct is nothing but a set of rules that helps to outline some of the major roles of responsibility. While working within an organization, both the employers and the employees have to maintain the code of conduct in order to maintain an organizational culture and behavior (Schaubroeck et al. 2012). Based on this particular practice, the junior employees have to show a decent gesture and attitude towards the senior. The gesture of the juniors is highly dependent on the leaders of an organization. If the leaders fail to maintain their personality at the workplace, employees tend to show their reluctance to maintain code of conductAs per the above discussion, it can be stated that the study has primarily focused to discuss on the various impacts of leadership for the success of a business organization like Enron. The role of leaders for reducing unethical behavior has also been pointed out here (Senge 2014). Therefore, it can be recommended that showing equal respect and digni ty to the people of various culture and background, maintaining strong interpersonal communication among every employee, developing the understanding of people can definitely reduce the overall unethical practice and behavior inside the organization. Conclusion: This particular study has provided an in-depth understanding about the effectiveness of leadership for controlling the business process. As per the case study of Enron it has been observed how an organization has to face a disastrous consequence due to the incompetency of a leader. The personality, skill and competency of an ideal leader help to build the image of an organization. Therefore, this particular study has focused to highlight how a leadership quality helps to influence the organizational culture and behavior. Reference List: Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Carter, L., Ulrich, D., Goldsmith, M. (Eds.). (2012).Best practices in leadership development and organization change: how the best companies ensure meaningful change and sustainable leadership(Vol. 18). John Wiley Sons. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Cummings, T., Worley, C. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dimmock, C. (2013).School-based management and school effectiveness. Routledge. Johnston, P. B. (2012). Does decapitation work? Assessing the effectiveness of leadership targeting in counterinsurgency campaigns.International Security,36(4), 47-79. Jonason, P. K., Slomski, S., Partyka, J. (2012). The Dark Triad at work: How toxic employees get their way.Personality and Individual Differences,52(3), 449-453. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Klebe Trevio, L., Baker, V. L., Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), 1-48. Pendse, S. G. (2012). Ethical hazards: A motive, means, and opportunity approach to curbing corporate unethical behavior.Journal of Business Ethics,107(3), 265-279. Piff, P. K., Stancato, D. M., Ct, S., Mendoza-Denton, R., Keltner, D. (2012). Higher social class predicts increased unethical behavior.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,109(11), 4086-4091. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Robbins, S., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., Boyle, M. (2013).Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schaubroeck, J. M., Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Kozlowski, S. W., Lord, R. G., Trevio, L. K., ... Peng, A. C. (2012). Embedding ethical leadership within and across organization levels.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1053-1078. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I., Massarik, F. (2013).Leadership and organization. Routledge. Von Krogh, G., Nonaka, I., Rechsteiner, L. (2012). Leadership in organizational knowledge creation: a review and framework.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 240-277.

Sample Essay on Whats My Story - How to Write an Essay and Copy it to Help Your Career

Sample Essay on What's My Story - How to Write an Essay and Copy it to Help Your CareerSample Essay on What's My Story is a resource that may come in handy for you. The sample essay is very simple and easy to follow. Even a child can write an essay in short amounts of time. This is very beneficial especially for those who have tried their hand at writing an essay but could not make any headway in the field of essays.The concept of such lengthy essays may seem scary for some people but with just a little help from a sample, they will be able to understand how long such essays can be. There are so many reasons for which they require such help. Here are some reasons why you need a sample:- When you are doing a short form essay, a sample can come in handy for knowing the proper format of such a composition. Just copy and paste the sample into your website to know how the passage should look like. This will save you from embarrassing in front of your friends who love to read such essays.- This is a way of saving some money as well. You can do a little research by visiting some websites where they provide free sample essays. Just make sure that the samples are done by students who are relatively fresh in this field. But some sites might offer these samples for free, just make sure that you know about it before paying.- After getting the proper help, you can revise your original essay and polish it for submission. The sample essay will guide you for perfecting your writing so that it becomes a masterpiece. Remember that these samples are useful in helping you immensely so that you can impress the judges.- Such essays can act as help in figuring out the academic credits you get if you submit them for the award. Also, they are used for teaching purpose.These are some of the reasons why you should use these samples for writing of such essays. Just ensure that the samples are done by persons who are relatively new in this field.

Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools Essay Example

Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools Essay There is a misconception among the general populace that the misuse of drugs only exists among young people aged 16-25. It is believed that primary school children are too young to have been exposed to the world of controlled substances and their misuse. As a result of this, parents may be unaware that their actions can affect the actions of their children in future. Many children of primary school age are greatly influenced by the substances surrounding them every day. Perhaps a family member has a medical problem, someone is addicted to their medication, to other thrill-seeking substances or they smoke or drink. Even legal substance use can arguably influence a young child and other children they come into contact with. Sir Liam Donaldson claims in his report on alcohol consumption by children (2009, p.23) that, Parental use of alcohol increases the likelihood that children will also consume alcohol. If a child is likely to start drinking and/or smoking at an earlier stage because their environment exposes more of that legal substance, it is a logical assumption that the same is true for illegal substances. It is common knowledge that a pregnant mother who smokes, drinks alcohol or takes drugs creates a high likelihood that the unborn child will be born addicted to those substances. Although young children are no longer biologically linked to their mother in the same way, the same likelihood of addiction and experimentation is surely generated through nurture. Issues Despite misconceptions that all children of primary school age are too young to get involved in substance misuse, statistics indicate that Primary school children as young as nine are part of more than 50,000 children picked up by police for possessing illegal substances every year. (HANNAM, 2006). In another report on the knowledge and use of drugs and alcohol in primary school children by Queens University Belfast: The researchers found that 31% of the children had been exposed to illegal drugs while 9% had actually been offered them. Cannabis was the most commonly used illegal drug and while around 6.5% of the sample had tried it, others thought it was legal and not harmful. (MCCRYSTAL, 2004) We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Report on the Misuse of Drugs in Primary Schools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This evidence clearly shows that young children do get involved with drugs and other substances. It also indicates that there is a significant lack of knowledge and understanding when it comes to substances that young children are more likely than anticipated to come into contact with. Evidently, drug education in primary schools does not achieve all it was intended for. This issue is increased by the lack of knowledge and the attitude of adults towards substance abuse within a childs environment. An evaluation on parents knowledge of their childs drug use carried out by Hermida et al (2003) found that parents with children who consume drugs tend to strongly underestimate their childrens use. Parents are therefore unaware of the need to be mindful of the possibility of their childrens experimentation with drugs. Information from Great Olmond Street Hospital (2009) also states by age 11, a third of children will have experimented with smoking. These facts reveal the need for awareness among adults and greater efforts to prevent such statistics. A further issue on drug misuse among primary school aged children is arguably the accessibility. According to TACADE / Health Education Council, (1986, Unit 1, Sheet 1), substances are available freely within the home, school and general environment. Statistics of alcohol consumption, for example, which in the report by McCrystal (2004, p.15) said that over 25% of primary school boys and over 15% of girls had drunk more than a sip of alcohol in the last 7 days, there is an ease with which children can access alcohol. Misuse of alcohol can also lead to other substance misuse such as cannabis, the most common and most accessible for young people under 18; Alcohol use in childhood and adolescence is associated with cannabis use. (DONALDSON, 2009, p.70). Alcohol is often obtained by younger children from older friends, siblings and even parents, whether this is just a sip or full access to a drinks cabinet. Children may not be so keen on larger and beer, however the cheap and sweet taste of alcopops are easy to like because children cannot taste the alcohol inside. Cigarettes are also easily accessible by young people. McCrystals report (2004, p.15) also covered tobacco use between 9-11 year olds stating that 1% were current smokers while up to 12% of them said they had tried smoking at some time. Perhaps the education for the prevention of substance misuse does not put enough emphasis on the illegality of the use of alcohol and tobacco by people under 18 years of age. Perhaps there is not enough emphasis on the danger these substances can cause to the young, developing body. Also an influence on childrens substance misuse is a childs home environment. Research has shown that children who come from broken homes and Looked After Children are more likely to be exposed to substance misuse than are other young people (NATIONAL ASSEMBLY FOR WALES, 2002). Easy access to drugs, alcohol and tobacco increases the likelihood of children starting to misuse the substances earlier in life. Finally, an important issue of drug misuse by primary school children is the effect it has on their own and other childrens futures. Children influenced by family and friends misuse of substances and misusing substances themselves experience repercussions on their own education and their future relationships: Initiation of drinking prior to age 14 has been shown to be associated with a number of risk factors including having experienced alcohol-related injuries, involvement in violent behaviours and suicide ideation and attempts. Early onset of drinking is also associated with having more sexual partners and pregnancy, other substance abuse, employment problems and risky driving behaviours. (DONALDSON, 2009, p.57) Childrens futures (short and the long term) are greatly affected if they get involved or are exposed to substances. Children involved in drinking and drug abuse are more likely to develop health problems earlier in life (as it does with all ages) but it could increase susceptibility to conditions such as depression, which, in turn, can lead to further substance abuse. Children who smoke are also likely to develop health problems at an earlier age but are also arguably in a position to be encouraged to skip school and become addicted to more dangerous substances such as cannabis. Missing out on education at an early age could have more serious consequences than later in life as primary school children are at a critical point in their education and may fall too far behind to catch up to their peers. Personal View My personal view identifies awareness as the key to preventing and dealing with such issues. The National Curriculum aims to provide enough information on the potential risks of legal and illegal substance use for children to be able to make positive health choices. In Key Stage 2, children learn to take increasing responsibility for keeping the mind and body safe and healthy and to understand the harmful effects, both to themselves and others, of tobacco, alcohol and other legal and illegal substances. (DFES, 2008, p.18). However, I think that these objectives are too vague and do not give enough knowledge and understanding about drugs and medicines. Children do not seem to be aware of the damage they are risking to themselves and others and appear to underestimate the repercussions the misuse of substances may cause. Schools have a key role to play in ensuring that young people understand the risks involved and have the confidence, knowledge and skills to avoid them (MANN, 2004, p. 2) My opinion is that awareness is vitally important in educating parents and teachers. The adults within a childs life need to be able to recognise signs and take appropriate action to discourage and to help children who might or are experimenting with substances. By educating adults as well as children, the responsibility can be shared. Adults need to be aware of their own actions and the consequences that may include the influence on a child. Teachers also play an important part in influencing and educating children. If teachers can approach the subject of drugs from a health context in a sensitive and thorough manner, then the school can make a positive contribution. (TACADE / HEALTH EDUCATION COUNCIL, 1986, Unit 3, Sheet 1). It is an increase in awareness that is likely to increase difficulty for children to access tobacco, alcohol and drugs. However, there is a limit to the legislation that can be put into place without violating the rights of those that are legally authorized to access a substance. It is almost impossible therefore, to stop those who have prescriptions for medication and who are of a legal age to purchase alcohol and tobacco from passing them on to children. Drug Education is often based around the shock horror principle which is effective, but only for a short time. The theory being that seeing the films and photographs of the consequences will discourage all curiosity to experiment. However, Emmeett and Nice (2008, p.12) argue that children are interested by the approach and that in some cases this fascination may even have led directly to experimentation. Therefore education needs to be carefully and frequently reviewed as to whether the intended results are what have been achieved along with childrens future intentions and attitudes. Conclusion * Children today are getting involved in the misuse of substances from an increasingly younger age. * Statistics show how adults can be very mistaken about the experiences of primary school aged children. The common misconception that younger children do not come into contact with substances leads to the lack of attention paid to the situation which could escalate it. * Education is given on substance use and the risks it involves, however, drug education in the primary school needs to be developed and increased. Further education needs to be more available to parents and teachers for supporting their child and ensuring their well-being as far as possible. * While some substances are very accessible, greater awareness in communities could serve to restrict young children from acquiring them so easily. * The less children that are influenced by and exposed to frequent substance use or misuse and instead correctly and sensitively educated, the more children will reach their teenage years with the knowledge, skills and understanding to face the decisions they are certain to encounter.